Novel Conjugates of CC-1065 Analogs and Bifunctional Linkers

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel analogs of the DNA-alkylating agent CC-1065 and to their conjugates. Furthermore this invention concerns intermediates for the preparation of said agents and conjugates. The conjugates are designed to release their (multiple) payload after one or more activation steps and/or at a rate and time span controlled by the conjugate in order to selectively deliver and/or controllably release one or more of said DNA alkylating agents. The agents, conjugates, and intermediates can be used to treat an illness that is characterized by undesired (cell) proliferation. As an example, the agents and the conjugates of this invention may be used to treat a tumor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel analogs of the DNA-alkylating agent CC-1065 and to their conjugates. Furthermore this invention concerns intermediates for the preparation of said agents and conjugates. The conjugates are designed to release their (multiple) payload after one or more activation steps and/or at a rate and time span controlled by the conjugate in order to selectively deliver and/or controllably release one or more of said DNA-alkylating agents. The agents, conjugates, and intermediates can be used to treat an illness that is characterized by undesired (cell) proliferation. As an example, the agents and the conjugates of this invention may be used to treat a tumor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The duocarmycins, first isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces species, are members of a family of antitumor antibiotics that also includes CC-1065. These extremely potent agents allegedly derive their biological activity from an ability to sequence-selectively alkylate DNA at the N3 of adenine in the minor groove, which initiates a cascade of events that terminates in an apoptotic cell death mechanism.¹

Although CC-1065 has shown very potent cytotoxicity, it could not be used in the clinic because of serious delayed hepatotoxicity.² This observation led to the development of synthetic analogs of CC-1065 (see for CC-1065 derivatives for example Aristoff et al., J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6234; Boger et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 2207; Boger et al., Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 787; Milbank et al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 649; Atwell et al., J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3400; Wang et al., J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 1541; Boger et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 11, 2021; Parrish et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003, 11, 3815; Daniell et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 177; Tichenor et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 15683; Purnell et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 16, 5677; Bando and Sugiyama, Acc. Chem. Res. 2006, 39, 935; Tichenor et al., Nat. Prod. Rep. 2008, 25, 220; MacMillan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1187; Tietze et al., Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2009, 9, 304; Gauss et al., Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 6591; Robertson et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 2722; Boyle et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 1854; Chavda et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2010, 18, 5016; EP 0154445; WO 88/04659; WO 90/02746; WO 97/12862; WO 97/32850; WO 97/45411; WO 98/52925; WO 99/19298; WO 01/83482; WO 02/067937; WO 02/067930; WO 02/068412; WO 03/022806; WO 2004/101767; WO 2006/043839; and WO 2007/051081), which generally showed to have similar cytotoxicity, but reduced hepatotoxicity. Still, however, these derivatives lack sufficient selectivity for tumor cells, as the selectivity of these agents—and cytotoxic agents in general—is for a certain part based on the difference in the rate of proliferation of tumor cells and normal cells, and therefore they also affect healthy cells that show a relatively high proliferation rate. This typically leads to severe side effects. Drug concentrations that would completely eradicate the tumor cannot be reached because of dose-limiting side effects such as gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow toxicity. In addition, tumors can develop resistance against anticancer agents after prolonged treatment. In modern drug development, targeting of cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site can therefore be considered one of the primary goals.

One promising approach to obtain increased selectivity for tumor cells or tumor tissue is to exploit the existence of tumor-associated antigens, receptors, and other receptive moieties, which can serve as a target. Such a target may be upregulated or to some degree be specifically present in tumor tissue or in closely associated tissue, such as neovascular tissue, with respect to other tissues in order to achieve efficient targeting. Many targets have been identified and validated and several methods to identify and validate targets have been developed.³ By coupling a ligand, e.g. an antibody or antibody fragment, for such a tumor-associated antigen, receptor, or other receptive moiety to a therapeutic agent, this agent can be selectively targeted to tumor tissue.

Another promising approach to obtain selectivity for tumor cells or tumor tissue is to exploit the existence of tumor-associated enzymes. An enzyme that is mainly localized at the tumor site can convert a pharmacologically inactive prodrug, which consists of an enzyme substrate directly or indirectly linked to the toxic drug, to the corresponding drug in the vicinity of or inside the tumor. Via this concept a high concentration of toxic anticancer agent can be selectively generated at the tumor site. All tumor cells may be killed if the dose is sufficiently high, which may decrease development of drug-resistant tumor cells.

Enzymes can also be transported to the vicinity of or inside target cells or target tissue via for example antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT)⁴, polymer-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (PDEPT) or macromolecular-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT)⁵, virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT)⁶, or gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT)⁷. With ADEPT, for example, a non-toxic prodrug is selectively converted into a cytotoxic compound at the surface of target cells by an antibody-enzyme conjugate that has been pretargeted to the surface of those cells.

Yet another promising approach to obtain selectivity for tumor cells or tumor tissue is to exploit the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Through this EPR effect, macromolecules passively accumulate in solid tumors as a consequence of the disorganized pathology of angiogenic tumor vasculature with its discontinuous endothelium, leading to hyperpermeability to large macromolecules, and the lack of effective tumor lymphatic drainage.⁸ By coupling a therapeutic agent directly or indirectly to a macromolecule, said agent can be selectively targeted to tumor tissue.

Besides efficient targeting, other important criteria for the successful application of targeted conjugates of cytotoxic agents in tumor therapy are that the one or more agents are released efficiently from the conjugate at the tumor site and that the conjugate is non-cytotoxic or only very weakly cytotoxic, whereas the cytotoxic agent itself exhibits highly potent cytotoxicity. Ideally, this leads to the generation of cytotoxic molecules only at the tumor site, which results in a greatly increased therapeutic index with respect to the untargeted cytotoxic agent. Another important criterion for a successful targeted conjugate is that the conjugate must have suitable pharmacological properties, such as sufficient stability in the circulation, low aggregation tendency, and good water solubility. Appropriate water-solubility and hydrophilicity of the drug and/or the linker may contribute to improved pharmacological properties.

Several conjugates of CC-1065 and derivatives have been described (see for conjugates of CC-1065 derivatives for example Suzawa et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2000, 8, 2175; Jeffrey et al., J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 1344; Wang et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 7854; Tietze et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2007, 13, 4396; Tietze et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 14, 2811; Tietze et al., Chem Med Chem 2008, 3, 1946; Li et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 2932; Tietze et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7336; WO 91/16324; WO 94/04535; WO 95/31971; U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,092; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,499; U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,298; WO 97/07097; WO 97/44000; U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,350; WO 98/11101; WO 98/25898; U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,937; U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,545; WO 02/059122; WO 02/30894; WO 03/086318; WO 2005/103040; WO 2005/112919; WO 2006/002895; WO 2006/110476; WO 2007/038658; WO 2007/059404; WO 2008/083312; WO 2008/103693; WO 2009/026274; WO 2009/064908; WO 2009/073533; WO 2009/073524; WO 2009/073546; WO 2009/134977; and US 2009/0162372). In these conjugates, one or more of the favorable properties discussed above may be non-optimal.

Accordingly, there is still a clear need for conjugates of CC-1065 derivatives that show a high therapeutic window, contain CC-1065 derivatives that have potent cytotoxicity and favorable pharmacological properties, and release the CC-1065 derivatives efficiently.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention fulfils the above-mentioned need with a compound of formula (I) or (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

DB is a DNA-binding moiety and is selected from the group consisting of

R¹ is a leaving group;

R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², and R¹⁹ are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(e), wherein

-   -   R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl,

or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, =C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R^(18′) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

X² is selected from O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)), and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′);

R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein

-   -   R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1) , C₁₋₁₅         alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅         heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is         selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1),         and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃         alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f),         and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more         of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or         more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted         carbocycles and/or heterocycles,

or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

X¹ is selected from O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X³ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁵)R^(15′), —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—C(R^(15″))(R^(15′″))—, —N(R¹⁵)—N(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—N(R^(15″))—, —N(R^(15″))—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))′, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—O—, —O—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—S—, —S—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)═C(R^(15′))—, ═C(R¹⁵)—C(R^(15′))═, —N═C(R^(15′))—, ═N—C(R^(15′))═, —C(R¹⁵)═N—, ═C(R¹⁵)—N═, —N═N—, ═N—N═, CR¹⁵, N, and NR¹⁵, or in DB1 and DB2 —X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, wherein X^(3a) is connected to X³⁴, a double bond is present between X³⁴ and X⁴, and X^(3b) is connected to X¹¹, wherein X^(3a) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X⁴ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁶)R^(16′), NR¹⁶, N, and CR¹⁶;

X⁵ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁷)R^(17′), NOR¹⁷ , and NR¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ and R^(17′) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X⁶ is selected from CR¹¹, CR¹¹(R^(11′)) N, NR¹¹, O, and S;

X⁷ is selected from CR⁸, CR⁸(R^(8′)), N, NR^(B), O, and S;

X⁸ is selected from CR⁹, CR⁹(R^(9′)), N, NR⁹, O, and S;

X⁹ is selected from CR¹⁰, CR¹⁰(R^(10′)), N, NR¹⁰, O, and S;

X¹⁰ is selected from CR²⁰, CR²⁰(R^(20′)), N, NR²⁰, O, and S;

X¹¹ is selected from C, CR²¹, and N, or X¹¹—X^(3b) is selected from CR²¹, CR²¹(R^(21′)), N, NR²¹, O, and S;

X¹² is selected from C, CR²², and N;

X⁶*, X⁷*, X⁸*, X⁹*, X¹⁰*, and X¹¹* have the same meaning as defined for X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, and X¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected;

X³⁴ is selected from C, CR²³, and N;

the ring B atom of X¹¹* in DB6 and DB7 is connected to a ring atom of ring A such that ring A and ring B in DB6 and DB7 are directly connected via a single bond;

means that the indicated bond may be a single bond or a non-cumulated, optionally delocalized, double bond;

R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein

-   -   R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅         alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅         heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more         of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j)         optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h),         R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to         form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or         heterocycles,

or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15″)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h2) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

R^(8b) and R^(9b) are independently selected and have the same meaning as R⁸, except that they may not be joined with any other substituent;

one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and one of R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; and

a and b are independently selected from 0 and 1.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I′) or (II′):

which is formed through rearrangement of and concomitant elimination of H-R¹ from the corresponding compounds of formulae (I) and (II), which are seco compounds (see FIG. 1). Said cyclopropyl ring-containing analogs are believed to be active species, allegedly being formed from compounds of formulae (I) and (II) in vivo via said rearrangement.

In a more specific embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein

-   -   a) the DB moiety does not comprise a DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′         moiety; and     -   b) ring B in DB1 is a heterocycle; and     -   c) if X³ in DB1 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is         aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are         joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or         heterocycle fused to said ring B; and     -   d) if X³ in DB2 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is         aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are         joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle fused to         said ring B, an optionally substituted non-aromatic carbocycle         fused to said ring B, or a substituted aromatic carbocycle which         is fused to said ring B and to which at least one substituent is         attached that contains a hydroxy group, a primary amino group,         or a secondary amino group, the primary or secondary amine not         being a ring atom in an aromatic ring system nor being part of         an amide; and     -   e) if ring A in DB2 is a 6-membered aromatic ring, then         substituents on ring B are not joined to form a ring fused to         ring B; and     -   f) two vicinal substituents on ring A in DB8 are joined to form         an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to         said ring A to form a bicyclic moiety to which no further rings         are fused; and     -   g) ring A in DB9 together with any rings fused to said ring A         contains at least two ring heteroatoms.

In a further embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein at least one of the substituents R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

that is connected to the attachment site of said substituent either via a direct bond or via a moiety, being part of said same substituent, that does not comprise a disulfide, a hydrazone, a hydrazide, an ester, a natural amino acid, or a peptide containing at least one natural amino acid, and wherein if ring B in DB1 is an all-carbon ring, X³ is O or NR¹⁵, X⁴ is CH, X³⁴ is C, there is only one X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety present in said compound of formula (I) or (II) and said moiety is part of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, or R¹⁵, then b=1 and ff is ≥5.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) or a conjugate thereof in which ff is larger than 1000 is encompassed by this invention.

In a further embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein at least one of the substituents R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R14_(, R) ¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a triazole moiety.

It is to be understood that if —X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— in moieties DB1 and DB2 these moieties are actually represented by the following structures:

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a conjugate of a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′).

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein V² is either absent or a functional moiety;

each L² is independently absent or a linking group linking V² to L;

each L is independently absent or a linking group linking L² to one or more V¹ and/or Y;

each V¹ is independently absent or a conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transformable moiety, which can be cleaved or transformed by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process;

each Y is independently absent or a self-eliminating spacer system which is comprised of 1 or more self-elimination spacers and is linked to V¹, optionally L, and one or more Z;

each p and q are numbers representing a degree of branching and are each independently a positive integer;

z is a positive integer equal to or smaller than the total number of attachment sites for Z;

each Z is independently a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′) as defined hereinabove wherein one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ may optionally in addition be substituted by or be a substituent of formula (V):

wherein each V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, V^(1′), Y′, Z′, p′, q′, and z′ has the same meaning as defined for V², L², L, V¹, Y, Z, p, q, and z, respectively, and is independently selected, the one or more substituents of formula (V) being independently connected via Y′ to one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, and/or to one or more atoms bearing these R substituents;

each Z is independently connected to Y through either X¹, an atom in R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, or an atom bearing any of these R substituents; and

at least V² or a V¹ is present.

It is noted that in a compound of formula (III), V² or a V¹ needs to be present. However, in the one or more moieties of formula (V) that are optionally present in Z, each V^(2′) and V^(1′) may be independently selected to be absent or present.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III), wherein

V² is present and selected to be a targeting moiety and there is at least one group of formula (V) that contains a V^(1′) moiety and either comprises a V^(2′), L^(2′), or L′ moiety that contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein gg is selected from 3 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

or said same group of formula (V) comprises at least 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, in which each X¹⁴ is independently selected.

It is noted that the separate X¹⁴ moieties in the —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties that may be present in a compound of formula (III) are independently selected.

It is further noted that z does not represent a degree of polymerization; hence z does not indicate that a number of moieties Z or RM2 are connected to one another.

It is further noted that if Y or Y′ is connected to an atom of Z or RM2 bearing a specific R substituent instead of to this R substituent itself, this in fact means that this R substituent is absent if this is necessary to meet valency rules.

It is further noted that if X¹⁴ in for example —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ represents

then —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ should be read as —CH₂CHX¹⁴.

The present invention also relates to a compound of formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

RM is a reactive moiety and L, V¹, Y, Z, p, and z are as defined hereinabove, except that L is now linking RM to one or more V¹ and/or Y, and V¹, Y, and Z may contain protecting groups, and the one or more V^(2′)-L^(2′) moieties optionally present in Z as defined hereinabove may optionally and independently be RM′ instead, which is a reactive moiety, and wherein, if there is more than 1 reactive moiety in (IV), some or all reactive moieties are the same or different. These linker-agent conjugates of formula (IV) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III).

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula (IV), wherein RM is a reactive moiety selected from carbamoyl halide, acyl halide, active ester, anhydride, α-haloacetyl, α-haloacetamide, maleimide, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, disulfide, thiol, hydrazine, hydrazide, sulfonyl chloride, aldehyde, methyl ketone, vinyl sulfone, halomethyl, and methyl sulfonate, and wherein at least one group of formula (V), being part of Z, contains a V^(1′) moiety and either comprises a V^(2′), L^(2′), or L′ moiety that contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein gg is selected from 3 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

or said same group of formula (V) comprises at least 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, in which each X¹⁴ is independently selected. These linker-agent conjugates of formula (IV) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III).

In yet a further aspect, this invention relates to novel bifunctional linkers that contain a cleavage site, a self-elimination spacer system and two reactive moieties, one of which can be reacted with a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety, e.g. a compound of formula (II or (II), and the other of which can be reacted with a functional moiety, such as a targeting moiety. These bifunctional linkers can be used to prepare conjugates of formulae (III) and (IV) of this invention or similar compounds with different therapeutic or diagnostic moieties.

More specifically, this invention relates to a compound of formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

L, V¹, Y, RM, p, and z are as defined for a compound of formula (IV), and RM2 is a reactive moiety or a leaving group. RM and each RM2 are independently selected. These bifunctional linkers of formula (VIII) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III) and (IV).

This invention relates to enantiomerically pure and/or diastereomerically pure compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (VIII) as well as to enantiomeric and/or diastereomeric mixtures of compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (VIII). This invention relates to pure compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (VIII) as well as to mixtures of isomers of compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (VIII).

Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) represent duocarmycin derivatives that preferably have heteroatoms or polar groups at selected positions in the DNA-binding moiety or in substituents on the DNA-binding or DNA-alkylating moiety. Compounds of formula (III), which are conjugates of compounds of formulae (I) and (II), were unexpectedly found to be more efficacious in vivo and to have improved properties, such as increased polarity and optimized drug release, compared to similar compounds from the prior art.

In one embodiment, the current invention relates to a conjugate of a compound of formula (I) or (II) according to one of the above embodiments and to derivatives thereof. Such a conjugate contains one or more promoieties. Advantageously, such a conjugate has a sufficient stability in the circulation, but is efficiently and selectively activated to release the compound of formula (I) or (II) at the target site, leading to a suitable therapeutic window. The length and nature of the linker between functional moiety and the compound of formula (I) or (II) proved to be an important contributor. In one aspect of this invention, the linker has a reduced linker length with respect to linker lengths in similar conjugates from the prior art, which leads to improved efficacy. In another aspect, the linker contains a self-elimination spacer system with improved properties, which leads for example to an optimized self-elimination rate, optimized drug release and/or increased polarity. In yet another aspect, the linker between functional moiety and the compound of formula (I) or (II) contains one or more groups designed to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the conjugate. These groups may be present in L and/or Y and/or in any of the other moieties making up a compound of formula (III).

Premature release of the parent agent, i.e., the compound of formula (I) or (II), in the circulation may not be desirable, but a relatively fast deactivation of the released compound might reduce toxic side effects in this case. Deactivation may be tuned by choosing the appropriate DNA-alkylating and DNA-binding moiety. Deactivation may occur by several mechanisms, including enzymatic or hydrolytic cleavage of the DNA-alkylating unit from the DNA-binding unit.

Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are suited for application in drug delivery purposes, including drug targeting and controlled release applications, using compounds of formulae (III) and (IV).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Rearrangement of a seco compound to a cyclopropyl-containing compound.

FIG. 2. Graphical illustration of cyclization rates for a series of cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compounds at 25° C. and pH 7.4 (upper line) and at 37° C. and pH 5 (lower line).

FIG. 3. Human plasma stability for a series of HSA-conjugated linker-agent conjugates.

FIGS. 4A-4C. Single dose efficacy study with Trastuzumab-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in female nu/nu mice bearing an N87 xenograft described in Example 15: FIG. 4A shows the average tumor burden for each group, FIG. 4B shows the average body weight change for each group, and FIG. 4C shows the survival percentage in each group.

FIG. 5. Cleavage of N-acetylcysteine-quenched linker-agent conjugates by cathepsin B.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description is provided so that the invention may be more fully understood.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “antibody”, as used herein, refers to a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, an immunologically active portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, or a derivative of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or an active portion thereof, i.e., a molecule that contains an antigen-binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest or part thereof, such targets including, but not limited to, tumor cells. A fragment or derivative of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule therefore immunospecifically binds the same antigen as said full-length immunoglobulin molecule. The immunoglobulin can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, or IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, or IgA2), or subclass. The immunoglobulin, or a derivative or active portion thereof, can be derived from any species, e.g., human, rodent (e.g., mouse, rat, or hamster), donkey, sheep, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camelid, horse, cow, or chicken, but preferably, it is of human, murine, or rabbit origin, or it is derived from more than one species. Antibodies useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, monoclonal, polyclonal, bispecific, multispecific, human, humanized, chimeric, and engineered antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fv fragments, Fd fragments, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, F(ab′)₂ fragments, dAb fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic antibodies, isolated CDRs, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above that immunospecifically bind to an antigen-of-interest.

The term “leaving group” refers to a group that can be substituted by another group in a substitution reaction. Such leaving groups are well-known in the art, and examples include, but are not limited to, a halide (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide), azide, a sulfonate (e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkanesulfonate, such as methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, and trifluoroethanesulfonate, or an optionally substituted benzenesulfonate, such as p-toluenesulfonate and nosylate), imidazole, a cyclic imide thione, succinimide-N-oxide, phtalimide-N-oxide, p-nitrophenoxide, o-nitrophenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, tetrafluorophenoxide, 1,3,5-trichlorophenoxide, 1,3,5-trifluorophenoxide, a carboxylate, an aminocarboxylate (carbamate), and an alkoxycarboxylate (carbonate). For substitutions at saturated carbon, halides and sulfonates are preferred leaving groups. For substitutions at a carbonyl carbon a halide, succinimide-N-oxide, p-nitrophenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, tetrafluorophenoxide, a carboxylate, or an alkoxycarboxylate (carbonate) may for example be used as a leaving group. The term “leaving group” also refers to a group that is eliminated as a consequence of an elimination reaction, e.g., an electronic cascade reaction or a spirocyclization reaction. In this instance, a halide, a sulfonate, azide, an aminocarboxylate (carbamate) or an alkoxycarboxylate (carbonate) may for example be used as a leaving group. Therefore, an agent or a derivative thereof released from a conjugate through a (multiple) self-elimination is defined as a leaving group according to this definition.

The term “active ester” refers to a functional group in which the alkoxy group of the ester moiety is a good leaving group. Examples of such alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, succinimide-N-oxide, p-nitrophenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, tetrafluorophenoxide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole, and groups with comparable leaving capability. Unsubstituted alkyl-based alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and t-butoxy do not qualify as good leaving groups and methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and t-butyl esters are therefore not considered to be active esters.

The term “reactive moiety” herein refers to a functional group that can react with a second functional group under relatively mild conditions and without the need of prior functionalization of the reactive moiety. The reaction between the reactive moiety and said second functional group will only require the application of some heat, pressure, a catalyst, acid, and/or base. Examples of reactive moieties include, but are not limited to, carbamoyl halide, acyl halide, active ester, anhydride, α-haloacetyl, α-haloacetamide, maleimide, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, disulfide, thiol, hydrazine, hydrazide, sulfonyl chloride, aldehyde, methyl ketone, vinyl sulfone, halomethyl, and methyl sulfonate.

The term “promoiety” refers to a moiety that is coupled to a compound of formula (I) or (II) to modify its properties and that is to be (partly) removed in vivo from said compound of formula (I) or (II).

The term “water-soluble group” refers to a functional group that is well solvated in aqueous environments and that imparts improved water solubility to the compound to which it is attached. Examples of water-soluble groups include, but are not limited to, polyalcohols, straight chain or cyclic saccharides, primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines and polyamines, sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfinate groups, carboxylate groups, phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, phosphinate groups, ascorbate groups, glycols, including polyethylene glycols, and polyethers. Preferred water-soluble groups are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines, carboxylates, phosphonates, phosphates, sulfonates, sulfates, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂X¹⁷R^(yy), —(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂X¹⁷—, —X¹⁷(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂—, glycol, oligoethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, wherein yy is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹⁷ is selected from O, S, and NR^(zz), and R^(zz) and R^(yy) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

The term “substituted”, when used as an adjective to “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, or the like, indicates that said “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, or similar group contains one or more substituents (introduced by substitution for hydrogen). Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, OH, ═O, ═S, ═NR^(k), ═N—OR^(k), SH, NH₂, NO₂, NO, N₃, CF₃, CN, OCN, SCN, NCO, NCS, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(k), SR^(k), S(O)R^(k), S(O)OR^(k), S(O)₂R^(k), S(O)₂OR^(k), OS(O)R^(k), OS(O)OR^(k), OS(O)₂R^(k), OS(O)₂OR^(k), S(O)N(R^(k))R¹, OS(O)N(R^(k))R¹, S(O)₂N(R^(k))R¹, OS(O)₂N(R^(k))R¹, OP(O)(OR^(k))(OR¹), P(O)(OR^(k))(OR¹), OR^(k), NHR^(k), N(R^(k))R^(l), ⁺N(R^(k))(R^(l))R^(m), Si(R^(k))(R^(l))(R^(m)), C(O)R^(k), C(O)OR^(k), C(O)N(R^(k))R^(l), OC(O)R^(k), OC(O)OR^(k), OC(O)N(R^(k))R^(l), N(R^(k))C(O)R^(l), N(R^(k))C(O)OR¹, N(R^(k))C(O)N(R^(l))R^(m), a water-soluble group, and the thio derivatives of these substituents, and protonated, charged, and deprotonated forms of any of these substituents, wherein R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted —(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂X¹⁷R^(yy), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, or a combination thereof, wherein yy is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹⁷ is independently selected from O, S, and NR^(zz), and R^(zz) and R^(yy) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(k), R^(l), and R^(m) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles. When there is more than one substituent, each substituent is independently selected. Two or more substituents may be connected to each other by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms on each of the substituents by one or more connecting bonds, which may be single, double, or triple bonds, or, if resonance structures are possible, the bond order of said bonds may be different in two or more of these resonance structures. Two substituents may thus be joined under formation of one or more rings.

When substituents may be “joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles”, this means that the substituents may be connected to each other through replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms on each of the substituents by one or more connecting bonds.

The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a carbocyclic aromatic substituent comprising 5 to 24 ring carbon atoms, which may be charged or uncharged and which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a heterocyclic aromatic substituent comprising 1 to 24 ring carbon atoms and at least one ring heteroatom, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus, wherein nitrogen and sulfur may optionally be oxidized and nitrogen may optionally be quaternized, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together. Heteroatoms may be directly connected to each other. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrimidyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, isoquinolyl, and quinolyl. In one embodiment, a heteroaryl group comprises 1 to 4 heteroatoms. It should be noted that “C₁ heteroaryl group” denotes that there is only one carbon present in the ring system of the heteroaromatic group (carbon atoms in optional substituents are thus not counted). An example of such a heteroaromatic group is a tetrazolyl group.

“Aryl” and “heteroaryl” groups also encompass ring systems in which one or more non-aromatic rings are fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring or ring system.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl substituent. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tent-butyl, isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, and 1-butynyl.

The term “heteroalkyl” as used herein refers to a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl substituent in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, e.g., by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus, wherein nitrogen and sulfur may optionally be oxidized and nitrogen may optionally be quaternized. Heteroatoms may be directly connected to each other. Examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, tert-butyloxy, methyloxymethyl, ethyloxymethyl, methyloxyethyl, ethyloxyethyl, methylaminomethyl, dimethylaminomethyl, methylaminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, methylthiomethyl, ethylthiomethyl, ethylthioethyl, and methylthioethyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbyl substituent, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, decalinyl, and 1,4-cyclohexadienyl.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbyl substituent, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together, wherein at least one carbon in one of the rings is replaced by a heteroatom, e.g., by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus, wherein nitrogen and sulfur may optionally be oxidized and nitrogen may optionally be quaternized. Heteroatoms may be directly connected to each other. Examples include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, decahydroquinolinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, and morpholinyl. It should be noted that “C₁ heterocycloalkyl group” denotes that there is only one carbon present in the ring system of the heterocycloalkane (carbon atoms in optional substituents are thus not counted). An example of such a group is a dioxiranyl group.

The number of carbon atoms that an “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, and the like, may contain is indicated by a designation preceding said terms, i.e., C₁₋₁₀ alkyl means that said alkyl may contain from one to ten carbons (carbon atoms in optional substituents attached to this alkyl are not counted).

The term “carbocycle” herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated cycloalkane or arene moiety, wherein the terms “cycloalkane” and “arene” are defined as parent moieties of the “cycloalkyl” and “aryl” substituents, respectively, as defined hereinabove.

The term “heterocycle” herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated heterocycloalkane or heteroarene moiety, wherein the terms “heterocycloalkane” and “heteroarene” are defined as parent moieties of the “heterocycloalkyl” and “heteroaryl” substituents, respectively, as defined hereinabove.

The extension “-ylene” as opposed to “-yl” in for example “alkylene” as opposed to “alkyl” indicates that said for example “alkylene” is a divalent (or multivalent) moiety connected to one or more other moieties via at least one or more double bonds or two or more single bonds, as opposed to being a monovalent group connected to one moiety via one single bond in said for example “alkyl”. The term “alkylene” therefore refers to a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbylene moiety; the term “heteroalkylene” as used herein refers to a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbylene moiety in which at least one carbon is replaced by a heteroatom; the term “arylene” as used herein refers to a carbocyclic aromatic moiety, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together; the term “heteroarylene” as used herein refers to a carbocyclic aromatic moiety, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together, wherein at least one carbon in one of the rings is replaced by a heteroatom; the term “cycloalkylene” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbylene moiety, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together; the term “heterocycloalkylene” as used herein refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbylene moiety, which may consist of one ring or two or more rings fused together, wherein at least one carbon in one of the rings is replaced by a heteroatom. Exemplary divalent moieties include those examples given for the monovalent groups hereinabove in which one hydrogen atom is removed.

The prefix “poly” in “polyalkylene”, “polyheteroalkylene”, “polyarylene”, “polyheteroarylene”, polycycloalkylene“, “polyheterocycloalkylene”, and the like, indicates that two or more of such “-ylene” moieties, e.g., alkylene moieties, are joined together to form a branched or unbranched multivalent moiety containing two or more attachment sites for adjacent moieties. Similarly, the prefix “oligo” in for example oligoethylene glycol indicates that two or more ethylene glycol moieties are joined together to form a branched or unbranched multivalent moiety. The difference between the prefixes “oligo” and “poly” is that the prefix “oligo” is most frequently used to denote a relatively small number of repeating units, while the prefix “poly” usually refers to a relatively large number of repeating units.

Certain compounds of the invention possess chiral centers and/or double bonds, and/or may have tautomers or atropisomers; the tautomeric, enantiomeric, diastereomeric, atropisomeric, and geometric mixtures of two or more isomers, in any composition, as well as the individual isomers (including tautomers and atropisomers) are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Whenever the term “isomer” is used, it refers to an atropisomeric, tautomeric, enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and/or geometric isomer or to a mixture of two or more of these isomers, unless the context dictates otherwise.

The term “peptidomimetic” refers to a group or moiety that has a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid or peptide, but functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid or peptide. Therefore, a peptidomimetic is an amino acid mimic or peptide mimic.

The term “unnatural amino acid” is intended to represent the D stereoisomer of a naturally occurring amino acid.

The term “bond” herein refers to a covalent connection between two atoms and may refer to a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond, or, if resonance structures are possible, the bond order of said bond may be different in two or more of these resonance structures. For example, if the bond is part of an aromatic ring, the bond may be a single bond in one resonance structure and a double bond in another resonance structure. If it is stated that a “double bond” or “triple bond” is present between two atoms, this double, or triple bond may be localized, but it may also be that this double or triple bond is delocalized, which means that only in one or some resonance structures a double or triple bond is indeed present between the two atoms, whereas the bond order may be different in one or more other resonance structures. At the same time, bonds marked as single bond in one resonance structure, may be double bonds in another resonance structure.

Compounds of the invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more atoms that constitute such compounds. All isotopic variations of compounds of this invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.

The phrase “pharmaceutically active salt” as used herein refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salt of a compound of the invention. For compounds containing one or more basic groups, e.g., an amine group, acid addition salts can be formed. For compounds containing one or more acidic groups, e.g., a carboxylic acid group, base addition salts can be formed. For compounds containing both acidic and basic groups, zwitterions may in addition be obtained as salts. When the compound of the invention comprises more than one charged atom or group, there may be multiple (distinct) counterions.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable solvate” refers to an association of one or more solvent molecules with a compound of the invention. Examples of solvents that form pharmaceutically acceptable solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid. When referring to water as a solvate, the term “hydrate” can be used.

The term “conjugate” hereinbelow refers to a compound of formula (III) or to a conjugate of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a derivative thereof, unless the context dictates otherwise. The term “linker-agent conjugate” hereinbelow refers to a compound of formula (IV), unless the context dictates otherwise. The term “agent” hereinbelow refers to a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′), unless the context dictates otherwise.

The term “bifunctional linker” hereinbelow refers to a compound of formula (VIII), unless the context dictates otherwise. The term “linker” generally refers to the moiety linking V² to Z in a compound of formula (III) or the promoiety connected to Z in a compound of formula (IV).

The term “core” or “core structure” of a moiety, for example the DNA-binding or DNA-alkylating moiety, refers to the structure that remains when all R substituents are removed from the formula representing said moiety.

The term “targeting moiety” refers to any moiety that specifically binds or reactively associates or complexes with a moiety specifically or in relative excess present at or near the target site, on, in, or near the target cell, or in (the proximity of) the target tissue or organ, e.g., a receptor, a receptor complex, substrate, antigenic determinant, or other receptive moiety, or that can target the conjugate to the target site via other mechanisms by virtue of its nature, e.g., through the EPR effect. Examples of a targeting moiety include, but are not limited to, an aptamer, an antibody or antibody fragment or derivative, a polymer, a dendrimer, a lectin, a biologic response modifier, an enzyme, a vitamin, a growth factor, a steroid, a sugar residue, an oligosaccharide residue, a carrier protein, and a hormone, or any combination thereof

The phrase “moiety that improves the pharmacological properties of the compound” refers to a moiety that changes the pharmacological properties (e.g., pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, physicochemical, and biopharmaceutic properties) of a compound of this invention in such a way that a better therapeutic effect can be obtained. The moiety can for example increase the water solubility, increase the circulation time, increase the therapeutic index, or reduce immunogenicity.

The term “linking group” refers to a structural element of a compound that links one structural element of said compound to one or more other structural elements of said same compound.

The phrase “a number representing degree of branching” is used to denote that the subscript number next to a closing bracket represents how many units of the moiety within the brackets are each directly attached to the moiety immediately to the left of the corresponding opening bracket. For example, A-(B)_(b) with b being a number representing a degree of branching means that b units B are all directly attached to A. This means that when b is 2, the formula reduces to B-A-B.

The phrase “a number representing degree of polymerization” is used to denote that the subscript number next to a closing bracket represents how many units of the moiety within the brackets are connected to each other. For example, A-(B)_(b) with b being a number representing a degree of polymerization means that when b is 2, the formula reduces to A-B-B.

The term “single-release spacer” refers to a self-elimination spacer that can release one moiety upon self-immolation.

The term “multiple-release spacer” refers to a self-elimination spacer that can release two or more moieties upon (repetitive) self-immolation.

The term “electronic cascade spacer” refers to a self-elimination spacer, either branched or unbranched, which may self-eliminate through one or more 1,2+2n electronic cascade eliminations (n≥1).

The term “ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer” refers to a self-elimination spacer that may eliminate through a cyclization process under formation of a cyclic ureum derivative.

The term “spacer system” refers to a single self-eliminating spacer moiety or to two or more of the same or different self-eliminating spacer moieties coupled together. A spacer system may be branched or unbranched and contain one or more attachment sites for Z as well as V¹ and optionally L.

In this document and in its claims, the verbs “to comprise”, “to have”, “to contain” and their conjugations are used in their non-limiting sense to mean that items that are “comprised”, “had”, or “contained” are included, but items non-specifically mentioned are not excluded. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one”.

This specification includes many embodiments. It is noted that embodiments that are not specifically mentioned and that result from combination of two or more of said mentioned embodiments are also encompassed by this invention.

In the generic structures throughout this description and in the claims letters are used to define structural elements. Some of these letters can be mistaken to represent an atom, such as C, N, O, P, K, B, F, S, U, V, W, I, and Y. To avoid confusion whenever these letters do not represent an atom they are given in bold typeface.

When there are one or more adjectives and/or adjective phrases to a noun that is a) the first in a list of nouns or b) anywhere in the middle of a list of nouns and said noun and adjectives together are preceded by the word “and” or “or”, the adjectives do not only bear on said noun, but on all following nouns separately, unless the context dictates otherwise. This for example means that the phrase “optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₇ heterocycloalkyl” should be read as “optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, or optionally substituted C₁₋₇ heterocycloalkyl” and that the phrase “C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, and optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, or C₁₋₇ heterocycloalkyl” should be read as “C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, and optionally substituted C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₅₋₈ aryl, or optionally substituted C₁₋₇ heterocycloalkyl”.

Throughout this description and in the claims molecular structures or parts thereof are drawn. As usual in such drawings bonds between atoms are represented by lines, in some cases, to indicate stereochemistry, by wavy, bold, or broken or wedged lines. A bond represented by a wavy line indicates unspecified stereochemistry at the chiral center to which it is connected; a structure or substructure with one or more of such wavy bonds in fact represents a set of (sub)structures in which each chiral center can either have the R or S configuration. Usually a line ending in space (a “loose” end), i.e., at one end not having another line or specific atom connected to it, represents a CH₃ group. This is correct for the drawings representing the compounds of this invention. For those structures representing a structural element of the compounds of this invention a line ending in space may indicate the position of attachment of another structural element of the compound. This has been indicated with a wavy line perpendicular to and crossing the “loose” line.

Furthermore, the structures or parts thereof have been drawn, under the assumption that the structures are read from left to right, meaning that for example in the drawings of compounds of formula (III) V² (if present) is located on the left side and Z is located on the right side of such structures or parts thereof, unless the context implies otherwise.

The following abbreviations are used herein and have the indicated definitions: Ac: acetyl; Bn: benzyl; Boc: tert-butyloxycarbonyl; CBI: 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one; Cbz: carbobenzyloxy; Cit: citrulline; DCC: N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DCE: 1,2-dichloroethane; DCM: dichloromethane; DMAP: 4-dimethylaminopyridine; DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; DiPEA: N,N-diisopropylethylamine; EEDQ: 2-ethoxy-l-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline; ESI: electrospray ionization; Fmoc: fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl; HOBt: 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole; HOSu: hydroxysuccinimide; HSA: human serum albumin; LC/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MOMCl: methyl chloromethyl ether; PABA: p-aminobenzyl alcohol; PNPCl: p-nitrophenyl chloroformate; RT: room temperature; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; TCEP: tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine; TFA: trifluoroacetic acid; THF: tetrahydrofuran; Val: valine.

Agents, Linker-Agent Conjugates, Conjugates, and Bifunctional Linkers

This invention relates to novel analogs of the DNA-alkylating agent CC-1065. The agents of the present invention are deemed to be used to treat an illness that is characterized by undesired (cell) proliferation. For example, an agent of this invention can be used to treat a tumor, cancer, an autoimmune disease, or an infectious disease.

The conjugates of the present invention are in one aspect deemed to be applicable to target agents of formulae (I) and (II) to a specific target site where the conjugate can be converted into one or more agents or be induced to be converted into one or more of said agents. This invention can furthermore find application in (non-specific) controlled release of one or more of said agents from a conjugate, with the aim of for example enhancing physicochemical, biopharmaceutic, pharmacodynamic, and/or pharmacokinetic properties.

Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) represent duocarmycin derivatives that preferably have heteroatoms or polar groups at selected positions in the DNA-binding moiety or in substituents on the DNA-binding or DNA-alkylating moiety. Compounds of formula (III), which are conjugates of compounds of formulae (I) and (II), were unexpectedly found to be more efficacious in vivo and to have improved properties, such as increased polarity and optimized drug release, compared to similar compounds from the prior art.

In one embodiment, the current invention relates to a conjugate of a compound of formula (I) or (II) according to one of the above embodiments and to derivatives thereof. Such a conjugate contains one or more promoieties. In a more specific embodiment, such a conjugate has a sufficient stability in the circulation, but is efficiently and selectively activated to release the compound of formula (I) or (II) at the target site, leading to a suitable therapeutic window. The length and nature of the linker between functional moiety and the compound of formula (I) or (II) proved to be an important contributor. In one aspect of this invention, the linker has a reduced linker length with respect to linker lengths in similar conjugates from the prior art, which leads to improved efficacy. In another aspect, the linker contains a self-elimination spacer system with improved properties, which leads for example to an optimized self-elimination rate, optimized drug release and/or increased polarity. In yet another aspect, the linker between functional moiety and the compound of formula (I) or (II) contains one or more groups designed to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the conjugate. These groups may be present in L and/or Y and/or in any of the other moieties making up a compound of formula (III). Pharmacokinetic properties affected may for example include water solubility, multi-drug resistance, plasma stability, proteolytic lability, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and internalization. Some of these properties may not only affect in vivo behavior, but also in vitro behavior and behavior during the preparation of a compound of formula (III). For example, increased water solubility of a compound of formula (IV) may favorably affect conjugation of such a compound to a functional moiety in aqueous medium.

Premature release of the parent agent, i.e., the compound of formula (I) or (II), in the circulation may not be desirable, but a relatively fast deactivation of the released compound might reduce toxic side effects in this case. Deactivation may be tuned by choosing the appropriate DNA-alkylating and DNA-binding moiety. Deactivation may occur by several mechanisms, including enzymatic or hydrolytic cleavage of the DNA-alkylating unit from the DNA-binding unit.

Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are suited for application in drug delivery purposes, including drug targeting and controlled release applications, using compounds of formulae (III) and (IV).

In a further aspect, this invention relates to novel bifunctional linkers that contain a cleavage site, a self-elimination spacer system and two reactive moieties, one of which can be reacted with a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety and the other of which can be reacted with a functional moiety, such as a targeting moiety. These bifunctional linkers contain the novel linker elements of this invention and can be used to prepare conjugates of formulae (III) and (IV) of this invention or similar compounds with different therapeutic or diagnostic moieties.

Agents

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

DB is a DNA-binding moiety and is selected from the group consisting of

R¹ is a leaving group;

R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹² and R¹⁹ are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein

-   -   R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl,

or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, ═C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R¹⁸ being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

X² is selected from O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)), and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′);

R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein

-   -   R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅         alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅         heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is         selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(fl),         and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃         alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f),         and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more         of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or         more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted         carbocycles and/or heterocycles,

or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

X¹ is selected from O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X³ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁵)R^(15′), —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—C(R^(15″))(R^(15′″))—, —N(R¹⁵)—N(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—N(R^(15″))—, —N(R^(15″))—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—O—, —O—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—S—, —S—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)═C(R^(15′))—, ═C(R¹⁵)—C(R^(15′))═, —N═C(R^(15′))—, ═N—C(R^(15′))═, —C(R¹⁵)═N—, ═C(R¹⁵)—N═, —N═N—, ═N—N═, CR¹⁵, N, and NR¹⁵, or in DB1 and DB2 -X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, wherein X^(3a) is connected to X³⁴, a double bond is present between X³⁴ and X⁴, and X^(3b) is connected to X¹¹, wherein X^(3a) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X⁴ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁶)R^(16′), NR¹⁶, N, and CR¹⁶;

X⁵ is selected from O, S, C(R¹⁷)R^(17′), NOR¹⁷, and NR¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ and R^(17′) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent;

X⁶ is selected from CR¹¹, CR¹¹(R^(11′)), N, NR¹¹, O, and S;

X⁷ is selected from CR⁸, CR⁸(R^(8′)), N, NR⁸, O, and S;

X⁸ is selected from CR⁹, CR⁹(R^(9′)), N, NR⁹, O, and S;

X⁹ is selected from CR¹⁰, CR¹⁰(R^(10′)), N, NR¹⁰, O, and S;

X¹⁰ is selected from CR²⁰, CR²⁰(R^(20′)), N, NR²⁰, O, and S;

X¹¹ is selected from C, CR²¹, and N, or X¹¹-X^(3b) is selected from CR²¹, CR²¹(R^(21′)), N, NR²¹, O, and S;

X¹² is selected from C, CR²², and N;

X⁶*, X⁷*, X⁸*, X⁹*, X¹⁰*, and X¹¹* have the same meaning as defined for X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, and

X¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected;

X³⁴ is selected from C, CR²³, and N;

the ring B atom of X¹¹* in DB6 and DB7 is connected to a ring atom of ring A such that ring A and ring B in DB6 and DB7 are directly connected via a single bond;

means that the indicated bond may be a single bond or a non-cumulated, optionally delocalized, double bond;

R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(j)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein

-   -   R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and         optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅         alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅         heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more         of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j)         optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h),         R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to         form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or         heterocycles,

or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15′)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h2) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

R^(8b) and R^(9b) are independently selected and have the same meaning as R⁸, except that they may not be joined with any other substituent;

one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and one of R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles;

one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; and

a and b are independently selected from 0 and 1.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I′) or (II′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein all substituents have the same meaning as described for compounds of formulae (I) and (II). Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are alleged to be converted to (I′) and (II′), respectively, in vivo with concomitant elimination of H—R¹.

Therefore, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), said compound comprising a cyclopropyl group, which can be formed through rearrangement of and concomitant elimination of H—R′ from a compound of formula (I) or (II). All embodiments for a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a moiety thereof also hold for a compound of formula (I′) or (II′) or a moiety thereof, unless the context dictates otherwise.

In a more specific embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein

-   -   a) the DB moiety does not comprise a DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′         moiety; and     -   b) ring B in DB1 is a heterocycle; and     -   c) if X³ in DB1 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is         aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are         joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or         heterocycle fused to said ring B; and     -   d) if X³ in DB2 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is         aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are         joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle fused to         said ring B, an optionally substituted non-aromatic carbocycle         fused to said ring B, or a substituted aromatic carbocycle which         is fused to said ring B and to which at least one substituent is         attached that contains a hydroxy group, a primary amino group,         or a secondary amino group, the primary or secondary amine not         being a ring atom in an aromatic ring system nor being part of         an amide; and     -   e) if ring A in DB2 is a 6-membered aromatic ring, then         substituents on ring B are not joined to form a ring fused to         ring B; and     -   f) two vicinal substituents on ring A in DB8 are joined to form         an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to         said ring A to form a bicyclic moiety to which no further rings         are fused; and     -   g) ring A in DB9 together with any rings fused to said ring A         contains at least two ring heteroatoms.

In a further more specific embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein at least one of the substituents R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

that is connected to the attachment site of said substituent either via a direct bond or via a moiety, being part of said same substituent, that does not comprise a disulfide, a hydrazone, a hydrazide, an ester, a natural amino acid, or a peptide containing at least one natural amino acid, and wherein if ring B in DB1 is an all-carbon ring, X³ is O or NR¹⁵, X⁴ is CH, X³⁴ is C, there is only one X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety present in said compound of formula (I) or (II) and said moiety is part of R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, or R¹⁵, then b=1 and ff is ≥5.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) or a conjugate thereof in which ff is larger than 1000 is encompassed by this invention.

In a further more specific embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) as described hereinabove, wherein at least one of the substituents R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³, contains a triazole moiety.

It should be understood that in this entire document, when referring to a compound of formula (I) or (II), this includes reference to a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), respectively, unless structural parts of (I) and (II) not present in (I′) and (II′) are concerned or the context dictates otherwise. Similarly, when referring to a structural part (fragment), linker-agent conjugate, or conjugate derived from a compound of formula (I) or (II), this includes reference to a similar structural part (fragment), linker-agent conjugate, or conjugate derived from a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), respectively, unless structural parts of (I) and (II) not present in (I′) and (II′) are concerned or the context dictates otherwise.

It should also be understood that when reference is made to a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a fragment, derivative, or conjugate thereof and the scope of R^(2′) or R¹² is specified, this specification only affects a compound of formula (I) as R^(2′) and R¹² are absent in a compound of formula (II). Therefore, wherever it reads “R^(2′)” or “R¹²” in this document, one could read “R^(2′) (if present)” or “R¹² (if present)”, respectively. This holds as well for (other) substituents that may be present or absent in compounds of formulae (I) and (II) and their fragments, linker-agent conjugates, and conjugates.

It should further be understood that this invention relates to enantiomerically pure and/or diastereomerically pure compounds of formulae (I) and (II) as well as to enantiomeric and/or diastereomeric mixtures of compounds of formulae (I) and (II).

Considerations about substituent effects and the effects of linkers, DNA-alkylating units and DNA-binding units in compounds of formulae (I) and (II), their cyclopropyl-containing analogs, and their conjugates and linker-agent conjugates given in this document are presented without consenting to a specific mechanism of action for compounds of formulae (I) and (II), their cyclopropyl-containing analogs, and their linker-agent conjugates and conjugates.

Compounds of formula (I) and (II) can be considered to be built up of a DNA-binding unit (DB1-DB9) and a DNA-alkylating unit (DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′), as indicated in the figures hereinabove.

The DNA-alkylating unit of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) is considered to contain the site of alkylation. Alkylation of DNA may occur through attack of DNA on the carbon bearing R¹ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) or on that same carbon in the cyclopropyl-containing analog of said compound.

The DNA-binding unit of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) is considered to assist in efficient binding of these compounds to DNA. It may be coupled to the DNA-alkylating moiety via, for instance, an amide bond. Therefore in one embodiment, X⁵ is O.

In one embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I). In another embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (II).

R¹ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is a leaving group.

In one embodiment, the leaving group R¹ is selected from halogen, azide (N₃), carboxylate [OC(O)R^(n)], carbonate [OC(O)OR^(n)], carbamate [OC(O)N(R^(n))R^(n1)], ⁺N(R^(n))(R^(n1))R^(n2), S(O)₂R^(o), and OS(O)₂R^(o), wherein R^(n), R^(n1), R^(n2), and R^(o) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, or C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl. An optional substituent may be an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol moiety. When the R¹ group comprises an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety, i.e., a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, a compound of formula (I) or (II) or its conjugate may show improved physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, pharmacodynamic, and/or pharmacokinetic properties, which, as indicated hereinabove, may also be valid for the presence of oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moieties at other positions in a compound of formula (I) or (II). In addition, however, the relatively large size of the R¹ substituent may reduce non-specific alkylation of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or its conjugate. Furthermore, the R¹ group will be eliminated when the compound of formula (I) or (II) rearranges to a compound of formula (I′) or (II′). This means that the oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety may not have a negative effect on the cytotoxic potential of the compound of formula (I) or (II).

In one embodiment, R^(l) is selected from halogen and OS(O)₂R^(o). In another embodiment, the leaving group R^(l) in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is a halogen. In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I). In yet another embodiment, R¹ is chloro (Cl). In yet another embodiment, R¹ is bromo (Br). In yet another embodiment, R¹ is OS(O)₂R^(o). In yet another embodiment, R¹ is OS(O)₂R^(o) and R^(o) contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, R¹ is selected from OS(O)₂CF₃, OS(O)₂C₆H₄CH₃, and OS(O)₂CH₃.

By varying the leaving group R¹, one may tune the alkylating activity of the seco agents and affect the transformation rate of a seco agent to a cyclopropyl-containing agent of formula (I′) or (II′). If the leaving capability of R¹ is too good, this may cause the seco agent to become an aspecific alkylating agent, which may decrease the cytotoxicity quotient and therapeutic index of conjugates of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) as the agent may for example be able to alkylate while still being bound in the conjugate. On the other hand, if R¹ is too bad a leaving group, the seco agent may not close to form a cyclopropyl-containing agent, believed to be the active species, which may reduce its cytotoxicity and the cytotoxicity quotient. Therefore, in one embodiment, the Swain-Scott parameter s of the alkylating site is larger than 0.3. In other embodiments, the Swain-Scott parameters is larger than 0.5 or 0.7 or 1.0.

The size of R¹ may affect the non-DNA alkylation rate of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a conjugate thereof. If R¹ is a relatively bulky group, aspecific alkylation may be reduced as the carbon bearing R¹ is somewhat shielded.

Another means to tune the alkylating activity of the seco agents and their cyclopropyl-containing derivatives may be to somewhat shield the carbon to which the leaving group R¹ is attached or on which nucleophilic attack can occur by choosing at least one of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹², R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present to be other than hydrogen. Shielding of said carbon may reduce aspecific alkylation by compounds of formulae (I) and (II), their cyclopropyl-containing analogs, and their conjugates. Although introduction of steric hindrance may also affect the DNA alkylation rate, it may be reasonable to assume that aspecific alkylation may be affected relatively more than DNA alkylation as the latter occurs presumably after the agent is ideally positioned for nucleophilic attack being bound to the DNA minor groove. The carbon bearing R¹ in a compound of formula (II), being a secondary carbon atom (when R² is H), is already somewhat shielded in comparison to the carbon bearing R¹ in a compound of formula (I) when R² and R^(2′) are both H. In this respect, a compound of formula (II) may be compared to a compound of formula (I) in which R^(2′) is other than hydrogen. Further shielding may however be accomplished by choosing one or more of R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present to be other than hydrogen.

In one embodiment, R² and R^(2′) are both hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(2′) is hydrogen and R² is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, R² is selected from N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl.

In one embodiment, R² is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl and C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In another embodiment, R² is methyl.

In yet another embodiment, R² and R^(2′) are both other than hydrogen. In one embodiment, both R² and R^(2′) are methyl.

Alternatively, or simultaneously, steric shielding of the carbon bearing R¹ may be introduced by choosing one or more of R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present to be other than hydrogen. In one embodiment, R³, R^(3′), R⁴, and R^(4′) are each H. In another embodiment, R³ and R^(3′) are both H. In another embodiment, R⁴ and R^(4′) are both H. In another embodiment, one of R³ and R^(3′) is C₁₋₃ alkyl while the other is H. In another embodiment, one of R⁴ and R^(4′) is C₁₋₃ alkyl while the other is H. In another embodiment, one of R³ and R^(3′) is C₁₋₃ alkyl and one of R⁴ and R^(4′) is C₁₋₃ alkyl while the others are H. In another embodiment, both R³ and R^(3′) are independently C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, both R⁴ and R^(4′) are independently C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, one of R³, R^(3′), R⁴, and R^(4′) is methyl. In another embodiment, one of R⁴ and R^(4′) is methyl. In yet another embodiment, both R⁴ and R^(4′) are methyl. In yet other embodiments, one or both of R⁴ and R^(4′) are fluoro.

In one embodiment, R¹² is H. In another embodiment, R¹² is C₁₋₃ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹² is methyl or ethyl. In yet another embodiment, R¹² equals C(R^(2′))(R²)R¹, which means that the carbon bearing R¹² bears two identical groups.

In another embodiment, R¹⁶ and R^(16′) are both H. In another embodiment, R¹⁶ is H. In other embodiments, R¹⁶ is fluoro (F) or methyl or ethyl.

The alkylating activity of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or its cyclopropyl-containing analog may also be affected by the nature of X¹. The nature of X¹ may affect the rate at which and the conditions under which the seco agents ring close to the cyclopropyl analogs and/or the rate at which the cyclopropyl ring is opened by nucleophilic attack (by DNA), and thus affect the alkylation behavior. In one embodiment, X¹ is O. In another embodiment, X¹ is NR¹³.

The substituents R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), and X² as well as the size of the ring connected to the left-hand side of the ring bearing X¹ may for example, each independently or two or more taken together, affect the pharmacological properties of the agent, e.g., affect the water solubility, affect the aggregation behavior, affect the DNA alkylation process, and/or affect the DNA binding strength. Furthermore, especially R⁵ and R^(5′), and to some degree R⁶ and R^(6′) as well, may also affect the degree of shielding of the carbon on which nucleophilic attack should occur.

R⁵ and R^(5′) may both be H, or R⁵ may be H while R^(5′) is absent. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁵ and R^(5′) is not hydrogen nor absent. In another embodiment, R⁵ is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment, R⁵ is selected from OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e2), SR^(e2), S(O)R^(e2), S(O)²R^(e2), S(O)OR^(e2), S(O)₂OR^(e2), OS(O)R^(e2), OS(O)₂R^(e2), OS(O)OR^(e2), OS(O)₂OR^(e2), OR^(e2), NHR^(e2), N(R^(e2))R^(f2), ⁺N(R^(e2))(R^(f2))R^(g2), P(O)(OR^(e2))(OR^(f2)), OP(O)(OR^(e2))(OR^(f2)), SiR^(e2)R^(f2)R^(g2), C(O)R^(e2), C(O)OR^(e2), C(O)N(R^(e2))R^(f2), OC(O)R^(e2), OC(O)OR^(e2), OC(O)N(R^(e2))R^(f2), N(R^(e2))C(O)R^(f2), N(R^(e2))C(O)OR^(f2), and N(R^(e2))C(O)N(R^(f2))R^(g2), wherein R^(e2), R^(f2), and R^(g2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, C₃ cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃ heterocycloalkyl, two or more of R^(e2), R^(f2), and R^(g2) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In another embodiment, R⁵ is selected from OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e2), SR^(e2), S(O)R^(e2), S(O)₂R^(e2), S(O)OR^(e2), S(O)₂OR^(e2), OS(O)R^(e2), OS(O)₂R^(e2), OS(O)OR^(e2), OS(O)₂OR^(e2), OR^(e2), NHR^(e2), N(R^(e2))R^(f2), ⁺N(R^(e2))(R^(f2))R^(g2), P(O)(OR^(e2))(OR^(f2)), OP(O)(OR^(e2))(OR^(f2)), SiR^(e2)R^(f2)R^(g2), C(O)R^(e2), C(O)OR^(e2), C(O)N(R^(e2))R^(f2), OC(O)R^(e2), OC(O)OR^(e2), OC(O)N(R^(e2))R^(f2), N(R^(e2))C(O)R^(f2), N(R^(e2))C(O)OR^(f2), and N(R^(e2))C(O)N(R^(f2))R^(g2), wherein R^(e2), R^(f2), and R^(g2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, C₃ cycloalkyl, or C₁₋₃ heterocycloalkyl, two or more of R^(e2), R^(f2), and R^(g2) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, provided that R^(e2) is not H when R⁵ is R^(e2).

In another embodiment, R⁵ is selected from nitro, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxy, and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C ₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or C₁₋₃ alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R⁵ is optionally substituted linear C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁵ is unsubstituted linear C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁵ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, nitro, CF₃, F, Cl, Br, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, amino (NH₂), methylamino, formyl, hydroxymethyl, and dimethylamino. In another embodiment, R⁵ is methyl, ethyl, methoxy, or ethoxy. In another embodiment, R⁵ is methyl. In other embodiments, R⁵ is ethyl or methoxy or ethoxy.

R⁶ and R^(6′) may both be hydrogen, or R⁶ may be hydrogen while R^(6′) is absent. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁶ and R^(6′) is not hydrogen nor absent. In another embodiment, R⁶ is not hydrogen.

R⁵ and R⁶ may be joined to form, together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached, an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered ring. This ring may for example be a dihydropyrrole, dihydrofuran, cyclopentene, 1,3-dioxolene, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentane, or 1,3-dioxolane moiety.

The substituents R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may affect the degree of shielding of the carbon on which nucleophilic attack can occur as well. In one embodiment X⁴ is CR¹⁶. In a further embodiment, R¹⁶ is hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R¹⁶ is C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R¹⁶ is methyl or ethyl. In yet another embodiment, R¹⁶ is methyl. In yet another embodiment, R¹⁶ is fluoro.

R¹⁴ and R^(14′) may affect the degree of shielding of X¹, or when a compound of formula (I) or (II) is part of a conjugate or linker-agent conjugate in which the compound of formula (I) or (II) is connected via X¹, they may affect the degree of shielding of the linkage between the compound of formula (I) or (II) and the promoiety. To increase the stability of this linkage, R¹⁴ may be selected to be other than hydrogen. In one embodiment, R¹⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R¹⁴ is methyl. In yet other embodiments, R¹⁴ is chloro or ethyl or isopropyl. In yet another embodiment, R⁵ and R¹⁴ are the same and not hydrogen. For example, both R⁵ and R¹⁴ may be methyl.

In one embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹², R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present are each hydrogen. In another embodiment R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹², R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present are each hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹², R¹⁴, R^(14′), R¹⁶, R^(16′), and R¹⁹ present are each hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹², R¹⁴, R^(14′), R¹⁶, R^(16′), and R¹⁹ present are each hydrogen.

Although the alkylation rate and efficiency of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) may optionally be tuned in several ways, in one aspect of this invention, this may be achieved by introducing steric shielding choosing for a compound of formula (I) one or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹², R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present to be other than hydrogen and for a compound of formula (II) one or more of R², R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R¹⁶, and R^(16′) present to be other than hydrogen. Substituents should not cause too much steric hindrance, however, especially when more than one of these substituents is other than hydrogen, as this might adversely affect DNA alkylation. Furthermore, it may provide for less efficient binding in the DNA minor groove and may pose synthetic difficulties.

In one aspect of this invention, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

This moiety must be connected to the core of the DNA-alkylating moiety or DNA-binding moiety via a direct bond or via a linking unit that is part of said same R group and that does not comprise a disulfide, a hydrazone, a hydrazide, an ester, a natural amino acid, or a peptide containing at least one natural amino acid. Said linking unit should preferably be cleaved less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%, and most preferably less than 5% in 24 hours upon administration of a compound of formula (I) or (II) in vivo.

The X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety may for example be selected to be

wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000. In more specific embodiments, ff is selected from 1 to 100 or from 1 to 10. In other embodiments, ff is selected to be 1 or 2 or 3 or 4. In another embodiment, ff is 3 or 4.

The oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety or derivative thereof is connected via a linking unit to the core structure of a compound of formula (I) or (II). Such a linking unit may be a single bond, in which case the oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol or derivative thereof is connected to the core structure via for example an amine, ether, or sulfide bond. Alternatively, the oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety or derivative thereof may be connected to the core structure via for example a carbamate, a carbonate, an amide, an alkyl, a heteroalkyl, an aryl, or a heteroaryl moiety, or a combination of any of these. In one embodiment, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ is selected from

wherein hh is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹⁵ is selected from S and NR³², each X¹⁶ is independently selected from O, S, and NR³⁴, R³⁰ is independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, or C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and R³¹ has the same meaning as defined for R⁷. R³⁰ may for example be selected from H, methyl, ethyl, methoxymethyl, p-aminobenzoyl, and p-aminoanilinocarbonyl.

In a further embodiment, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ is selected from

In another embodiment, R¹ is selected from

In one embodiment, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least one of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least one of R⁸ and R⁹ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least R¹ contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) may also contain 2 or more X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties. In one embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) contains 2 X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties. In another embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) contains 2 X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties that are part of 2 separate R groups. It may be beneficial to put the two or more X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties at distant positions in the compound of formula (I) or (II) as this may shield the relatively hydrophobic core more efficiently.

Compounds of formulae (I) and (II) may contain one or more oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moieties or derivatives thereof. Such a moiety may improve the water solubility and aggregation behavior of a compound of formula (I) or (II) and may cause increased activity against multidrug-resistant targets due to increased polarity. If a compound of formula (I) or (II) with such a moiety is incorporated in a conjugate, it may be that the oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety is located in between the promoiety and the remainder of the compound of formula (I) or (II) or that it is located at a position somewhat opposite to the attachment site of the promoiety, thus placing the remainder of the compound of formula (I) or (II) in between the promoiety and the oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety. The latter may be more beneficial for the water solubility of the conjugates. Improved water solubility of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) and their conjugates may lead to improved yields and purity of the conjugates during synthesis, for example due to reduced aggregate formation. Furthermore, a reduced tendency for aggregation and a higher purity of the conjugate may for example lead to fewer side effects after administration of the conjugate. In addition, the presence of one or more oligoethylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol moieties in a conjugate may reduce excretion of the conjugate via the kidneys or liver, which increases the circulation time in the body.

In another aspect of this invention, compounds of formula (I) and (II) may contain one or more triazole rings. Incorporation of a 1,2,3-triazole ring may provide for a synthetic advantage as the two moieties that eventually may become attached to the 1,2,3-triazole ring may be attached to each other via said triazole ring using a mild and efficient cycloaddition reaction between an alkyne and azide moiety. Because the conditions for this cycloaddition reaction are very mild and are compatible with almost all functional groups, the reaction can be performed in one of the last steps of the synthetic route towards a compound of formula (I) or (II), its linker-agent conjugate, or conjugate, thus allowing for easy generation of series of compounds of formula (I) and (II) and their conjugates for SAR (structure-activity relationship) studies.

Preferably, the triazole moiety is located in such a way within the DNA-alkylating unit or DNA-binding unit that it can contribute to the binding of the compound to DNA. Additional DNA-binding moieties, such as indole or benzofuran moieties, that are connected to the DNA-binding or DNA-alkylating unit may increase the potency of the compound, allegedly through enhanced DNA binding. These additional aromatic moieties may however have a detrimental effect on pharmacological properties, such as water solubility. A triazole, being an aromatic group, may also enhance binding to DNA and thus increase cytotoxic potency of the compound, but as it is more polar than other aromatic moieties such as a phenyl ring, negative effects on pharmacological properties may be less pronounced.

In one embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or (II) wherein at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a triazole moiety.

In another embodiment, at least one of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a triazole moiety. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ contains a triazole moiety. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁸ and R⁹ contains a triazole moiety. In yet another embodiment, at least R⁸ contains a triazole moiety.

In another embodiment, at least one of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) contains a triazole moiety. In another embodiment, at least one of R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) contains a triazole moiety. In yet another embodiment, R¹ contains a triazole moiety.

For an optimum DNA-binding effect, the triazole moiety may be connected via a linker that keeps the triazole moiety in conjugation with or in close proximity to the core of the DNA-binding or DNA-alkylating unit. The linker may for example be a single bond, —N(R³⁵)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R³⁵)—, —C(O)—, —C(R³⁵)(R³⁶)—, —C(R³⁵)═C(R³⁶)—, —O—, —S—, or —N(R³⁵)—, wherein R³⁵ and R³⁶ are selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, or be any other optionally substituted small linker that does not have more than 4 connecting atoms (e.g., the —N(R²⁰)C(O)— moiety has two connecting atoms: N and C) in between the core of the DNA-binding unit or DNA-alkylating unit and the triazole ring.

The triazole ring may be a 1,2,3-triazole or a 1,2,4-triazole. In one embodiment, the triazole ring is a 1,2,3-triazole. In another embodiment, the triazole is a 1,2,4-triazole. A 1,2,3-triazole ring may be 4,5-, 1,5-, or 1,4-disubstituted. If the 1,2,3-triazole ring is 1,4-substituted, this means that the substituent that contains the 1,2,3-triazole ring has an extended form. If the 1,2,3-triazole ring is 4,5- or 1,5-substituted, the 1,2,3-triazole ring in fact forms a kind of turn and puts the two substituents on the triazole in close proximity to each other. The triazole ring may also be located at the end of the substituent, in which case the triazole ring is only monosubstituted. Substitution may in this case occur at N-1 or C-4. A 1,2,4-triazole may be 1,3-, 1,5-, or 3,5-disubstituted. A substituent that contains a 1,3- or 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole has an extended form, whereas in a 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole both substituents on the triazole are in close proximity to each other. The triazole ring may also be trisubstituted.

In one aspect, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

wherein X¹⁸ and X¹⁹ are selected from O, S, NR²⁵, H₂, and C(R²⁵)R²⁶, wherein R²⁵ and R²⁶ are selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R²⁴ has the same meaning as R⁸ and is independently selected.

R²⁴ may for example be selected from H and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In other embodiments, at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴, or at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, or at least one of R⁶ and R⁷, or at least one of R⁸ and R⁹, or at least R⁸, or at least R⁶, or at least R⁷ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

wherein R²⁴, X¹⁸, and X¹⁹ are as defined hereinabove.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³, or at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, or at least one of R⁸ and R⁹, or at least R⁸, or at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴, or at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is selected from

wherein R³⁷, R³⁸, R³⁹, and R⁴⁰ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In other embodiments, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³, or at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, or at least one of R⁸ and R⁹, or at least R⁸, or at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴, or at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is selected from

wherein R³⁸, R³⁹, and R⁴⁰ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In other embodiments, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³, or at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, or at least one of R⁸ and R⁹, or at least R⁸, or at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴, or at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is selected from

wherein R³⁸, R³⁹, and R⁴⁰ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In other embodiments, at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³, or at least one of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, or at least one of R⁸ and R⁹, or at least R⁸, or at least one of R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴, or at least one of R⁶ and R⁷ in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is selected from

wherein R³⁸, R³⁹, and R⁴⁰ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In one aspect, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by compounds of formulae (Ib) and (IIb), respectively:

In one embodiment, X² in (Ib) or (IIb) is N.

In another embodiment, X² in (Ib) or (IIb) is CR¹⁴.

In a further embodiment, X² in (Ib) is CR¹⁴ and a is 0.

In another embodiment, X² in (Ib) or (IIb) is CH.

In yet another embodiment, R⁵ in (Ib) or (IIb) is selected from nitro, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxy, and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkoxycarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₃ alkyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylcarbonyloxy, C₁₋₃ alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or C₁₋₃ alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R⁵ in (Ib) or (IIb) is optionally substituted linear C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁵ in (Ib) or (IIb) is unsubstituted linear C₁₋₃ alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁵ in (Ib) or (IIb) is methyl. In other embodiments, R⁵ in (Ib) or (IIb) is ethyl or methoxy or ethoxy.

In yet another aspect, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by compounds of formulae (Ic) and (IIc), respectively:

In one embodiment, X² in (Ic) or (IIc) is NH.

In yet another aspect, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by compounds of formulae (Id) and (IId), respectively:

In one embodiment, X² in (Id) or (IId) is NH.

In another embodiment, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by (Ia) and (IIa), respectively:

DA1-DB (Ia) DA2-DB (IIa)

wherein DA1 is

or an isomer or a mixture of isomers thereof

In other embodiments, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by (Ia) and (IIa), respectively:

DA1-DB (Ia) DA2-DB (IIa)

wherein DA1 is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In other embodiments, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by (Ia) and (IIa), respectively:

DA1-DB (Ia) DA2-DB (IIa)

wherein DA1 is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet other embodiments, compounds of formulae (I) and (II) are represented by (Ia) and (IIa), respectively:

DA1-DB (Ia) DA2-DB (IIa)

wherein DA1 is

wherein R⁵⁴ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl (e.g., methyl or trifluoromethyl), R⁵⁵ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, and methoxy, X²⁵ and X²⁶ are independently selected from O, S, CH₂, and NR⁵¹, and R⁵¹, R⁵², and R⁵³ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl and

wherein ii, ii′, ii″, and ii′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each ss, ss′, and ss″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²⁵ and X²⁶ is independently selected from O, S, NR⁵⁶, H₂, and C(R⁵⁶)R⁵⁷, wherein R⁵⁶ and R⁵⁷ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁵⁸ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁵⁹R⁶⁰, NR⁵⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²⁷ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(aa), and OC(O)OR^(aa), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(aa) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁵⁹, R⁶⁰, and R⁶¹ are independently selected from methyl and H, or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer thereof, or a mixture of isomers.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer thereof, or a mixture of isomers.

In other embodiments, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In one embodiment, in a compound of formula (I) or (II), b=1. In another embodiment, b=0. In another embodiment, a=0. In yet another embodiment, a=1. In yet another embodiment, a=0 and b=1.

Increased water solubility of a compound of formula (I) or (II) may not only be achieved through the introduction of water-soluble or polar groups, such as a triazole group or an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety or a combination thereof, but may also be achieved through substitution of carbon ring atoms by heteroatoms, for example in the DNA-binding unit. Improved water solubility of compounds of formulae (I) and (II) and their conjugates may lead to improved yields and purity of the conjugates during synthesis, for example due to reduced aggregate formation. Furthermore, a reduced tendency for aggregation and a higher purity of the conjugate may for example lead to fewer side effects after administration of the conjugate.

Increased metabolic degradation, e.g., in the liver, may for example be achieved through the introduction of groups in the DNA-binding units that can be oxidized with relative ease, for example acetylene and alkene moieties. Oxidation of toxic compounds is one of the mechanisms by which a mammal may detoxify such compounds. If compounds of this invention are taken up in the liver, efficient detoxification may for example circumvent liver toxicity as a side effect.

The stability of the linkage between the DNA-binding unit and DNA-alkylating unit, for example in the circulation, may be tuned by modifications in the DNA-binding unit. It may be favorable to have the DNA-alkylating unit and DNA-binding unit linked via an essentially non-cleavable bond. Especially when the compound of formula (I) or (II) is administered as the active ingredient, stability in the circulation may be desired. However, when a compound of formula (I) or (II) is administered as a part of a conjugate, it may be favorable to have a bond between the DNA-alkylating unit and the DNA-binding unit that becomes less stable in the circulation as soon as the compound of formula (I) or (II) is prematurely released from the conjugate. This may reduce toxic side effects as a consequence of premature release of the agent. The DNA-binding units of this invention may cause a compound of formula (I) or (II) or its conjugate or linker-agent conjugate to have a more stable linkage between DNA-binding and DNA-alkylating unit in the circulation than a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), which may be formed from a compound of formula (I) or (II) as soon as X¹ is unprotected.

Extension of the π-conjugated system in the DNA-binding moiety may increase the binding affinity of the DNA binder for DNA. The π system may be extended by the introduction of additional aromatic rings and/or conjugated double and/or triple bonds.

Promoieties may be connected to the DNA-binding units if a suitable functional group is present. This may for example be a hydroxyl group or a primary or secondary amino group. Coupling of a promoiety to the DNA-binding unit in addition to or instead of to the alkylating unit, e.g., to X¹, may provide advantages. For example, the presence of two promoieties may increase target-selective delivery and/or activation and/or reduce the amount of free agent in non-targeted areas, thereby reducing side effects and increasing the therapeutic index.

The DNA-binding unit DB in a compound of formula (I) or (II) is selected from structures DB1-DB9:

In one embodiment, the DNA-binding unit comprises at least two aromatic rings of which at least one contains at least one ring atom that is a heteroatom or the DNA-binding unit comprises at least a bicyclic aromatic system in which at least one ring atom is a heteroatom. In another embodiment, the DNA-binding unit comprises at least two aromatic rings and both contain at least one ring atom that is a heteroatom or the DNA-binding unit comprises at least a bicyclic aromatic system in which at least two ring atoms are a heteroatom.

In one aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB1. This moiety comprises structures that at least contain a 6-membered ring B that is connected to the DNA-alkylating unit via a fused 5- or 6-membered ring A or vinyl group. The optional heteroatom in said ring B may provide for improved water solubility with respect to DNA binder analogs having an all-carbon ring. In one embodiment, ring B in unit DB1 contains a heteroatom.

Preferably, ring B is aromatic. It may for example be a phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, pentazine, phosphinine, 1,3-diphosphinine, or 1,3-azaphosphinine moiety. Alternatively, this ring may be non-aromatic and either be unsaturated or completely saturated.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) wherein ring B is connected to the DNA-alkylating unit via a vinyl group may contain a handle that allows for detoxification by means of for example oxidation or hydration of the double bond.

The moiety DB1 may for example be

Moiety DB1 may for example also be

In another embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be

In another embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be

In another embodiment, the moiety DB1 may for example be

wherein R^(9a) has the same meaning as defined for R⁹ and is independently selected.

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be selected from

In one embodiment, the moiety DB1 is

In another embodiment, the moiety DB1 is

In yet another embodiment, the moiety DB1 is

The moiety DB1 may for example also be

In the exemplary structures of DB1, R⁸, R^(8′) R⁹, R^(9′), R^(9a), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R²¹ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB1 may for example be

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be selected from

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be selected from

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB1 may be selected from

In another embodiment, the moiety DB1 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB2. This moiety comprises structures that at least contain a 5-membered ring B that is connected to the DNA-alkylating unit via a fused 5- or 6-membered ring A or a vinyl group. Especially in the latter case, ring B may be fused to another heterocyclic or carbocyclic aromatic or non-aromatic ring in order to have an improved DNA-binding affinity. For reasons of increased water solubility, the fused ring may be a heterocycle, or a carbocycle substituted with relatively polar groups that at the same time may provide handles for coupling to promoieties. A DNA binder in which three or more rings are fused together to form an aromatic multicyclic system may be less favorable as this may increase the hydrophobicity and/or the aggregation tendency of the DNA-binder and therefore increase the hydrophobicity and/or the aggregation tendency of a compound of formula (I) or (II) and its conjugates. This may be especially true for multicyclic aromatic systems in which none or only one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom.

DNA binder DB2 may comprise an aromatic core structure. Alternatively, one or more rings may be non-aromatic and be either unsaturated or completely saturated.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) wherein ring B is connected to the DNA-alkylating unit via a vinyl group may contain a handle that allows for detoxification by means of for example oxidation or hydration of the double bond.

The moiety DB2 may for example be

wherein R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), and R^(11a) have the same meaning as defined for R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected.

In a more specific embodiment, the moiety DB2 may for example be

wherein R⁷² and R⁷³ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In the exemplary structures of DB2, R⁸, R^(8a), R^(9a), R¹⁰, R^(10a), R¹¹, R^(11a), R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R²¹ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁹, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB2 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB3 or DB4. These two moieties comprise structures that are built up of an acetylene moiety coupled to a 5- or 6-membered ring. This ring may be aromatic or non-aromatic. In the latter case, it may be either unsaturated or completely saturated. Furthermore, the 5- or 6-membered ring may be fused to one or more other rings to form an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system. Such a ring system is preferably flat as this may increase the DNA binding affinity. Either polar substituents or heteroatoms in the ring may provide for increased water solubility and may favorably affect the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II). The presence of an acetylene moiety in DNA-binding units DB3 and DB4 may provide for a handle that allows detoxification by means of for example oxidation or hydration.

The moiety DB3 may for example be

The moiety DB4 may for example be

In a more specific embodiment, the moiety DB3 may for example be

In another more specific embodiment, the moiety DB4 may for example be

wherein R⁷² is selected from H and methyl.

In the exemplary structures of DB3 and DB4, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R²⁰ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²³ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB3 may for example be

In yet a further embodiment, the moiety DB4 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB5. This moiety comprises structures that are built up of a 5-membered or 6-membered ring coupled to an optionally substituted vinyl moiety. The 5-membered or 6-membered ring may be aromatic or non-aromatic. In the latter case it may be either unsaturated or completely saturated. Polar substituents or heteroatoms in the ring and/or polar substituents on the vinyl group may provide for increased water solubility and favorably affect the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II). Aromatic substituents on the ring or vinyl moiety may increase the binding affinity. The presence of a vinyl moiety in DNA-binding unit DB5 may provide for a handle that allows detoxification by means of for example oxidation or hydration.

The moiety DB5 may for example be

In the exemplary structures of DB5, R^(8b), R^(9b), and R¹⁵ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, the moiety DB5 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB6 or DB7. These two moieties comprise structures that are built up of two 5- or 6-membered rings that are connected together via a direct single bond. These rings may each independently be aromatic or non-aromatic. In the latter case, they may be either unsaturated or completely saturated. Furthermore, ring B may be fused to one or more other rings to form an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system, which is preferably flat. This may increase the DNA binding affinity. Either polar substituents or heteroatoms in one or more of the rings may provide for increased water solubility and may favorably affect the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II).

The moiety DB6 may for example be

The moiety DB7 may for example be

wherein R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), and R^(11a) have the same meaning as defined for R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected.

In a more specific embodiment, moiety DB6 may for example be

In another more specific embodiment, moiety DB7 may for example be

In the exemplary structures of DB6 and DB7, R⁸, R^(8a), R⁹, R^(9a), R¹⁰, R^(10a), R¹¹, R^(11a), R¹⁵, and R²⁰ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁹, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, moiety DB6 may for example be

In another further embodiment, moiety DB7 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB8. This moiety comprises structures that are built up of a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system coupled to the DNA-alkylating unit via a methylene unit. Preferably, the DB8 moiety comprises a bicyclic ring system. The ring system may be aromatic or non-aromatic. In the latter case it may be either unsaturated or completely saturated. Either polar substituents or heteroatoms in one or more of the rings may provide for increased water solubility and may favorably affect the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II).

The moiety DB8 may for example be

wherein R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), and R^(11a) have the same meaning as defined for R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected.

In the exemplary structures of DB8, R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), R^(11a), R¹⁵, R^(15′), and R¹⁶ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, moiety DB8 may for example be

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (I) or (II) has a DNA-binding unit of formula DB9. This moiety comprises structures that are built up of a 5-membered ring that is directly connected to the nitrogen atom of the DNA-alkylating unit via a single bond. The 5-membered ring may be connected or fused to one or more other rings to form a multicyclic ring system, which is preferably flat. This may increase the DNA binding affinity. The ring system may be aromatic or non-aromatic. In the latter case it may be either unsaturated or completely saturated. Either polar substituents or heteroatoms in one or more of the rings may provide for increased water solubility and may favorably affect the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II). In one embodiment, the DB9 moiety contains at least two ring heteroatoms.

The moiety DB9 may for example be

wherein R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), and R^(11a) have the same meaning as defined for R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected.

In the exemplary structures of DB9, R^(8a), R^(9a), R^(10a), R^(11a), and R⁹ may for example each independently be selected to be H, be or contain another moiety selected from structures DB1-DB9 or a derivative thereof, or be

wherein R⁶², R⁶³, R⁶⁴, and R⁶⁵ are independently selected from H, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and

wherein jj, jj′, jj″, and jj′″ are independently selected from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each tt, tt′, and tt″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, each X²¹ and X²² is independently selected from O, S, NR⁶⁷, H₂, and C(R⁶⁷)R⁶⁸, wherein R⁶⁷ and R⁶⁸ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, and R⁶⁶ is selected from H, COOH, CO₂Me, OH, OMe, NR⁶⁹R⁷⁰, NR⁶⁹C(O)CH₃, SH, SMe,

wherein X²³ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(bb), and OC(O)OR^(bb), or C(O)—X²³ is an active ester, X²⁴ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, R^(bb) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁶⁹, R⁷⁰, and R⁷¹ are independently selected from methyl and H.

In a further embodiment, moiety DB9 may for example be

In one embodiment of this invention, the DB unit is DB1. In another embodiment, the DB unit is DB2. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB3. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB4. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB5. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB6. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB7. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB8. In yet another embodiment, the DB unit is DB9. In another embodiment, the DB unit is selected from DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7. In another embodiment, the DB unit is selected from DB1, DB2, DB5, DB6, and DB7. In a further embodiment, DB is selected from DB1, DB2, DB6, and DB7. In yet a further embodiment, DB is selected from DB1 and DB2. In yet a further embodiment, DB is selected from DB6 and DB7.

In one embodiment, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), and N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), wherein R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C (R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′)and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In another embodiment R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), and N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), wherein R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, two or more of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15″)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h1) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In another embodiment, X³ is not represented by —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—.

In a further embodiment, if DB is DB2 in a compound of formula (I) or (II), then X¹ is O.

In a further embodiment, if DB is DB2 in a compound of formula (I) or (II) and X³ is represented by —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, then X¹ is O.

Any of the substituents present on any of the rings in DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, DB7, DB8, and DB9 may be or comprise another DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, DB7, DB8, or DB9 moiety or any other DNA-binding moiety. Such another DB moiety or DNA-binding moiety may be connected to the first DB moiety via for example an amide or ketone linkage.

In one embodiment, at least one ring in the DNA-binding moiety is aromatic. In another embodiment, at least one ring system is aromatic. In yet another embodiment, all rings in the DNA-binding moiety are aromatic or form an aromatic ring system. In yet another embodiment, the DNA-binding moiety contains at least a bicyclic aromatic moiety.

Substituents R¹ to R²³ may assist in improving the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or its conjugate, for example, its water solubility. This may for example be achieved by selecting one or more of the substituents R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ to comprise or be an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety or a triazole moiety. Alternatively or simultaneously, one or more of the substituents may comprise or be a water-soluble group. The presence of a water-soluble group may not only result in enhanced water solubility, but may also prevent a compound of formula (I) or (II) from crossing a biological barrier, especially when it is an apolar barrier, such as a cell membrane. This may be advantageous, especially when a compound of formula (I) or (II) is delivered into a targeted cell through conjugation to a targeting moiety before it is released from the conjugate as the compound of formula (I) or (II) will be unable to leave the cell. Even active transport via for example the P-glycoprotein pump may be (partially) impaired. When a compound of formula (I) or (II) is prematurely released from the conjugate, e.g., in the circulation, it may be unable or only moderately able to enter (non-targeted) cells aspecifically as its membrane translocation capabilities may be impaired by the water-soluble group. This may lead to increased selectivity and therefore to fewer side effects. In addition, at least in some instances, for example when the water-soluble group is positively charged under physiological conditions, the water-soluble group may also improve the binding affinity for DNA by means of favorable electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate groups.

A water-soluble group is a group that imparts increased solubility on a compound of formula (I) or (II) and/or a conjugate thereof. In one embodiment, water solubility of a compound of this invention carrying a water-soluble group is increased by more than 100% compared to the compound lacking said water-soluble group. In other embodiments, water solubility of a compound of this invention carrying a water-soluble group is increased by more than 75% or 50% or 25% or 10% compared to the compound lacking said water-soluble group. The water-soluble group may also contribute to prevent or reduce aggregation of compounds of this invention or to reduce side effects. Examples of water-soluble groups include, but are not limited to, —NH₂, —NH—, —NHR^(s), —NR^(s)—, —N(R^(s))(R^(t)), —⁺N(R^(s))(R^(t))—, —⁺N(R^(s))(R^(t))(R^(u)), —COOH, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —OP(O)(OH)O—, —OP(O)(OR^(s))O—, —OP(O)(OH)OR^(s), —OP(O)(OR^(s))OR^(t), —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)O—, —P(O)(OR^(s))OH, —P(O)(OR^(s))O—, —P(O)(OR^(s))(OR^(t)), —OS(O)₂OH, —OS(O)₂O—, —OS(O)₂OR^(s), —S(O)₂OH, —S(O)₂O—, —S(O)₂OR^(s), —OS(O)OH, —OS(O)O—, —OS(O)OR^(s), —S(O)OH, —S(O)O—, —OS(O)—, —S(O)OR^(s), —OS(O)₂—, —OS(O)₂R^(s), —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂R^(s), —OS(O)R^(s), —S(O)—, —S(O)R^(s), —(OCH₂CH₂)_(v)OH, —(OCH₂CH₂)_(v)O—, —(OCH₂CH₂)_(v)OR^(s), a sugar moiety, a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide moiety, and an oligopeptide moiety, or a protonated or deprotonated form thereof and further any combination thereof, wherein R^(s), R^(t), and R^(u) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(s), R^(t), and R^(u) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more carbocycles and/or heterocycles, and v′ is an integer selected from 2 to 1000. The water-soluble group may be at any position within a substituent or may constitute the whole substituent. The water-soluble group may for example be located at any interior position, be part of the main chain, be part of a ring structure, be a functional group pending to the main chain or a ring, or be placed at the position at which the substituent is attached to the remainder of the agent.

In one embodiment at least one of R¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ contains a water-soluble group.

In another embodiment, at least one of R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, R⁸, R⁹, and R¹⁰ contains a water-soluble group.

In yet other embodiments, R⁸ or R⁹ or R¹⁰ or R⁶ or R⁷ or R¹⁴ contains a water-soluble group.

In one embodiment, the water-soluble group is a carboxylic acid group.

In another embodiment, the water-soluble group is an amino group.

In further embodiments, the water-soluble group is a primary or secondary or tertiary or quaternary amino (ammonium) group. In other embodiments, the water-soluble group is a primary or secondary or tertiary or quaternary aliphatic amino (ammonium) group.

In other embodiments, the water-soluble group is a phosphonate group or a phosphate group or a sulfonate group or a sulfate group or a glycol group or an oligoethylene glycol group or an polyethylene glycol group.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) may not have a reactive moiety incorporated in its structure. On the other hand, as becomes clear from the above, a reactive moiety may be present in its structure that allows for reaction of a compound of formula (I) or (II) with another moiety. For example, a compound of formula (I) or (II) may be reacted with a targeting moiety or a linker-targeting moiety construct, e.g., an antibody or an antibody fragment, or an antibody-linker construct or an antibody fragment-linker construct, to prepare a targeting moiety-agent conjugate in one or more steps, which may or may not be a conjugate of formula (III). Such a targeting moiety-agent conjugate may either be cleavable or non-cleavable. The formation of a targeting moiety-agent conjugate may not only be carried out through chemical synthesis, but may also occur in situ, i.e., upon administration of a compound of formula (I) or (II) in vivo. The compound of formula (I) or (II) may for example bind to endogenous proteins, e.g., albumin, upon administration.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer thereof, or a mixture of isomers.

In a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

In yet a further embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.

Conjugates, Linker-Agent Conjugates and Bifunctional Linkers

In another aspect, this invention relates to a conjugate of a compound of formula (I) or (II) that can be converted in vivo in one or more steps to a compound of formula (I) or (II), respectively. The conjugate may also be converted to a derivative of a compound of formula (I) or (II) in which a part of the promoiety attached to a compound of formula (I) or (II) in the conjugate remains attached to the compound of formula (I) or (II) after in vivo conversion. An alternative way of looking at this is that the remaining moiety of the linker is part of the compound of formula (I) or (II).

These conjugates may favorably affect the pharmacological properties and other characteristics of a compound of formula (I) or (II). In one embodiment, this invention relates to a conjugate comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) conjugated to at least one promoiety. In another embodiment, this invention relates to a conjugate comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) conjugated to a promoiety.

In a further embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

V² is either absent or a functional moiety;

each L² is independently absent or a linking group linking V² to L;

each L is independently absent or a linking group linking L² to one or more V¹ and/or Y;

each V¹ is independently absent or a conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transformable moiety, which can be cleaved or transformed by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process;

each Y is independently absent or a self-eliminating spacer system which is comprised of 1 or more self-elimination spacers and is linked to V¹, optionally L, and one or more Z;

each p and q are numbers representing a degree of branching and are each independently a positive integer;

z is a positive integer equal to or smaller than the total number of attachment sites for Z;

each Z is independently a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′) as defined hereinabove wherein one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ may optionally in addition be substituted by or be a substituent of formula (V):

wherein each V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, V^(1′), Z′, p′, q′, and z′ has the same meaning as defined for V², L², L, V¹, Y, Z, p, q, and z, respectively, and is independently selected, the one or more substituents of formula (V) being independently connected via Y′ to one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, and/or to one or more atoms bearing these R substituents;

each Z is independently connected to Y through either X¹, an atom in R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, or an atom bearing any of these R substituents; and

at least V² or a V¹ is present.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III), wherein

V² is present and selected to be a targeting moiety and there is at least one group of formula (V) that contains a V^(1′) moiety and either comprises a V^(2′), L^(2′), or L′ moiety that contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein gg is selected from 3 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

or said same group of formula (V) comprises at least 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, in which each X¹⁴ is independently selected.

In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III) that contains at least one X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

It should be understood from formula (III) that L can be connected to V¹ and/or to Y. If L is connected to Y, this means that both V¹ and L, as well as one or more Z, are connected to Y. If L is connected to V¹, this means that V¹ and one or more Z are connected to Y. L may also be connected to both V¹ and Y at the same time. If Y is absent, L is connected to V¹ or, if V¹ is absent, L is directly connected to Z.

The V²(-L²-L-(V¹—Y))_(p))_(q)(Z)_(z-1) and one or more V^(2′)(-L^(2′)-L′(-(V^(1′)—Y′))_(p′))_(q′))(Z′)_(z′-1) moieties, wherein L(-(V¹—Y))_(p) indicates that L can be connected to V¹ and/or to Y, connected to Z are herein referred to as promoieties.

The present invention also relates to a compound of formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

RM is a reactive moiety and L, V¹, Y, Z, p, and z are as defined hereinabove, except that L is now linking RM to one or more V¹ and/or Y, and V¹, Y, and Z may contain protecting groups, and the one or more V^(2′)-L^(2′) moieties optionally present in Z as defined hereinabove may optionally and independently be RM′ instead, which is a reactive moiety, and wherein, if there is more than 1 reactive moiety in (IV), some or all reactive moieties are the same or different. These linker-agent conjugates of formula (IV) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III). In a compound of formula (IV), RM must be present while V¹ may be either present or absent.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a compound of formula (IV), wherein RM is a reactive moiety selected from carbamoyl halide [—N(R)C(O)X], acyl halide [—C(O)X], active ester [—C(O)OR], anhydride [—C(O)OC(O)OR], α-haloacetyl [αC(O)CH₂X], α-haloacetamide [—N(R)C(O)CH₂X], maleimide, isocyanate [—N═C═O], isothiocyanate [—N═C═S], disulfide [—S—SR], thiol [—SH], hydrazine [—NH₂NH₂], hydrazide [—C(O)NH₂NH₂], sulfonyl chloride [—S(O)₂Cl], aldehyde [—C(O)H], methyl ketone [—C(O)CH₃], vinyl sulfone [—S(O)₂—CH═CH₂], halomethyl [—CH₂Cl], and methyl sulfonate [—CH₂OS(O)₂R], and wherein at least one group of formula (V), being part of Z, contains a moiety and either comprises a V^(2′), L^(2′), or L′ moiety that contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety, wherein gg is selected from 3 to 1000 and each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

or said same group of formula (V) comprises at least 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, in which each X¹⁴ is independently selected. These linker-agent conjugates of formula (IV) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III). In such a compound of formula (IV), RM must be present.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) contains an RM moiety selected from carbamoyl halide [—N(R)C(O)X], acyl halide [—C(O)X], active ester [—C(O)OR], anhydride [—C(O)OC(O)OR], α-haloacetyl [—C(O)CH₂X], α-haloacetamide [—N(R)C(O)CH₂X], maleimide, isocyanate [—N═C═O], isothiocyanate [—N═C═S], disulfide [—S—SR], thiol [—SH], hydrazine [—NH₂NH₂], hydrazide [—C(O)NH₂NH₂], sulfonyl chloride [—S(O)₂Cl], aldehyde [—C(O)H], methyl ketone [—C(O)CH₃], vinyl sulfone [—S(O)₂—CH═CH₂], halomethyl [—CH₂Cl], and methyl sulfonate [—CH₂OS(O)₂R].

The RM-L(-(V¹—Y))_(p)(Z)_(z-1) and one or more RM′-L′(-(V^(1′)—Y′))_(p′)(Z′)_(z′-1) moieties, wherein L(-(V¹—Y))_(p) indicates that L can be connected to V¹ and/or to Y, connected to Z are herein referred to as promoieties.

In yet a further aspect, this invention relates to novel bifunctional linkers that contain a cleavage site, a self-elimination spacer system and two reactive moieties, one of which can be reacted with a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety, e.g. a compound of formula (II or (II), and the other of which can be reacted with a functional moiety, such as a targeting moiety. These bifunctional linkers can be used to prepare conjugates of formulae (III) and (IV) of this invention or similar compounds with different therapeutic or diagnostic moieties.

More specifically, this invention relates to a compound of formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein

L, V¹, Y, RM, p, and z are as defined for a compound of formula (IV), and RM2 is a reactive moiety or a leaving group. RM and each RM2 are independently selected. These bifunctional linkers of formula (VIII) may or may not be considered intermediates for compounds of formula (III) and (IV). Furthermore, these compounds may be considered to be intermediates for conjugates and linker-agent conjugates similar to compounds of formula (III) and (IV) in which the Z moiety is a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety different from a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′), or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof. Therefore, in another aspect, this invention relates to a conjugate of formula (III) in which the one or more Z moieties are independently a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety. In yet another aspect, this invention relates to a linker-agent conjugate of formula (IV) in which the one or more Z moieties are independently a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety.

It is noted that the separate X¹⁴ moieties in the —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties that may be present in a compound of formula (III), (IV), or (VIII) are independently selected.

It is also noted that z does not represent a degree of polymerization; hence z does not indicate that a number of moieties Z or RM2 are connected to one another.

It is further noted that if Y or Y′ is connected to an atom of Z or RM2 bearing a specific R substituent instead of to this R substituent itself, this in fact means that this R substituent is absent if this is necessary to meet valency rules.

It is further noted that if X¹⁴ in for example —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ represents

then —CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ should be read as —CH₂CHX¹⁴.

It is noted that if a compound of this invention contains an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety the actual number of ethylene glycol units may vary from molecule to molecule and the variable designating the number of units actually represents the average number of units. Although the average number of ethylene glycol units is generally limited to 1000 in the definitions of compounds of this invention, compounds with a larger average number of ethylene glycol units are also encompassed by this invention.

It should be understood that this invention relates to enantiomerically pure and/or diastereomerically pure compounds of formulae (III), (IV), and (VIII) as well as to enantiomeric and/or diastereomeric mixtures of compounds of formulae (III), (IV), and (VIII).

When a compound of formula (III) or (IV) contains attachment sites in Y for Z that are not coupled to Z, for instance as a consequence of an incomplete coupling reaction with Z during synthesis, these attachment sites are considered to be attached to H, OH, a reactive moiety (e.g., RM2), or a leaving group (e.g., RM2) instead. If all of said attachment sites are connected to Z, then z equals the number of said attachment sites; otherwise, z is lower. Compounds of this invention may exist as a mixture, wherein each component of the mixture has a different z value. For example, the compound may exist as a mixture of two separate compounds, one compound wherein z is 4 and another compound wherein z is 3. Furthermore, for a given z, the compound may exist as a mixture of (constitutional) isomers as Z may be connected to distinct (sets of) attachment sites.

For reasons of clarity, when referring to the connections of one first moiety to other moieties within formula (III), (IV), or (VIII), in general only those said other moieties are mentioned that are directly attached to said first moiety in formula (III), (IV), or (VIII). It should be understood that if one of said other moieties is not present, said first moiety is actually connected to the moiety first in line that is present, unless explicitly stated otherwise. For example, if it is stated that “V¹ is cleaved from Y”, this phrase actually means “V¹ is cleaved from Y, or from Z if Y is absent” and should be read as “V¹ is cleaved from Z” when reference is made to a compound lacking Y.

In a compound of formula (III) or (IV), Z may be conjugated to a promoiety through its water-soluble group, e.g., an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety. In this way, the water-soluble group may contribute less to the water solubility of the compound of formula (III) or (IV), but may contribute again to the water solubility of Z upon removal of said promoiety.

In this document, whenever V², L², L, V¹, Y, Z, RM, p, q, or z is mentioned, it should be understood that the same can apply for each V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, V^(1′), Y′, Z′, RM′, p′, q′, or z′, respectively, unless the context dictates otherwise.

The V¹ Moiety

In a compound of formula (III), (IV), or (VIII), the V¹ moiety is a group that is conditionally cleavable or transformable. In other words, it is designed to be transformed and/or cleaved from Y by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process upon being brought in or under a certain condition. This condition may for example be bringing a compound of the invention in an aqueous environment, which leads to hydrolysis of or bringing a compound of the invention in an environment that contains an enzyme that recognizes and cleaves V¹, or bringing a compound of the invention under reducing conditions, which leads to reduction and/or removal of V¹, or bringing a compound of the invention under oxidizing conditions, which leads to oxidation and/or removal of V¹, or bringing a compound of the invention in contact with radiation, e.g., UV light, which leads to transformation and/or cleavage, or bringing a compound of the invention in contact with heat, which leads to transformation and/or cleavage, or bringing a compound of the invention under reduced pressure, which leads to transformation, e.g., a retrocycloaddition, and/or cleavage, or bringing a compound of the invention under elevated or high pressure, which leads to transformation and/or cleavage. This condition may be met after administering a compound of this invention to an animal, e.g., a mammal, for example a human: the condition may be met when the compound localizes to for example a specific organ, tissue, cell, subcellular target, or bacterial, viral, or microbial target, for example by the presence of internal factors (e.g., target-specific enzymes or hypoxia) or application of external factors (e.g., radiation, magnetic fields) or the condition may already be met directly upon administration (e.g., ubiquitous enzymes in the circulation).

Cleavage of V¹ means that the bond between V¹ and Y is broken. Transformation of V¹ means that V¹ is converted into a different moiety and this event may directly or indirectly lead to self-cleavage of V¹ from Y. Alternatively, transformation of V¹ may lead to formation of a V¹—Y moiety which is a self-immolative linker. In this case, Y only becomes self-immolative after transformation of V¹. The transformed V¹ moiety actually becomes (partially) part of Y. For example, oxidation of V¹ being a hydrogen atom to a hydroxyl group may lead to formation of a para- or ortho-hydroxybenzyloxycarbonyl V¹—Y moiety that self-eliminates. As another example, reduction of V¹ being a nitro group may lead to formation of a para- or ortho-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl V¹—Y moiety that self-eliminates.

Alternatively again, V¹ may be absent. In this instance, the promoiety is intended to be non-removable from Z and the whole promoiety or a part thereof (in case of degradation of a compound of formula (III) or (IV) at one or more other sites in the molecule) will stay connected to the one or more moieties Z. One alternative way to look at this is that the part of the promoiety that remains attached to the moiety Z is in fact a part of moiety Z.

A compound of this invention may contain more than one V¹ moiety per promoiety (p and/or q>1). These V¹ moieties may or may not be the same and may or may not require the same conditions for transformation and/or cleavage.

The rate at which V¹ is transformed and/or cleaved may be dependent on the other moieties in a compound of formula (III). For example, use of a shorter L and/or Y moiety may bring the functional moiety and/or Z closer to the cleavage site, which may lead to a reduced rate of transformation and/or cleavage. (Bulky) substituents on the L and/or Y moiety may lead to a reduced rate of transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ as well, especially when they are situated close to the site of transformation/cleavage. Other effects, such as hydrogen bonding, neighboring group, and electronic effects, may play a role as well.

In one aspect of this invention, a conjugate is used to target one or more moieties Z to target cells. In this instance, a V¹ moiety may for example contain a substrate molecule that is cleaved by an enzyme present in the vicinity of the target cells or inside the target cells, for example tumor cells. V¹ can for example contain a substrate that is cleaved by an enzyme present at elevated levels in the vicinity of or inside the target cells as compared to other parts of the body, or by an enzyme that is present only in the vicinity of or inside the target cells.

It is important to recognize that if target site specificity is achieved solely based upon the selective transformation and/or cleavage of said V¹ at the target site, the condition causing the cleavage should preferably, at least to a certain degree, be target site-specific, whereas the presence of another target-specific moiety in the compound of the invention, for instance in a V² moiety, weakens or takes away this requirement. For example, when V² causes selective internalization into a target cell, an enzyme also present in other cells may transform and/or cleave V¹. However, cleavage should preferably not occur at a site distant from the target site. Therefore, the conjugate should not be exposed to enzymes or conditions that can cause cleavage of V¹ at sites other than the target site. In one embodiment, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ occur intracellularly. In another embodiment, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ occur extracellularly. In another embodiment, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ occur by a ubiquitous intracellular enzyme. In another embodiment, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ occur by a ubiquitous extracellular enzyme.

In one embodiment, V¹ contains a single amino acid, a di-, tri-, tetra-, or oligopeptide, or a peptidomimetic, which consists of an amino acid or amino acid sequence or mimetic thereof recognized and cleavable by a proteolytic enzyme, for example plasmin, a cathepsin, cathepsin B, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), or a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases, present in the vicinity of or inside the target cells, for example tumor cells. In one embodiment, V¹ is a peptide. In another embodiment, V¹ is a single amino acid. In another embodiment, V¹ is a dipeptide. In another embodiment, V¹ is a tripeptide. In another embodiment, V¹ is a tetrapeptide. In yet another embodiment, V¹ is a peptidomimetic. A peptidomimetic may be an amino acid mimic or peptide mimic. An amino acid mimic may for example be a derivative of a natural amino acid in which the amino group has been replaced by a hydroxy group or a triazole group, in which the α-amino group of the amino acid is alkylated, or in which the side chain is connected to the α-amino group instead of to the a-carbon. A peptide mimic may be a peptide that contains one or more of such amino acid mimics.

In another embodiment, V¹ contains a β-glucuronide that is recognized by β-glucuronidase present in the vicinity of or inside tumor cells.

In one embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for an enzyme.

In another embodiment, V¹ is a substrate for an enzyme.

In one embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for an extracellular enzyme.

In another embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for an intracellular enzyme.

In yet another embodiment, V^(l) contains a substrate for a lysosomal enzyme.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for the serine protease plasmin.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for one or more of the cathepsins, for example cathepsin B.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for a galactosidase.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a substrate for quinone reductase NQO1.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a hydrazide, hydrazone or imine moiety that is to be hydrolyzed intracellularly.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ contains a disulfide moiety that is to be cleaved intracellularly.

When V¹ is cleaved extracellularly, the one or more Z moieties may be released extracellularly. This may provide the advantage that these Z moieties are not only able to affect the cell(s) directly surrounding the site of activation (e.g., target-positive cells), but also cells somewhat further away from the site of activation (e.g., target-negative cells) due to diffusion (bystander effect), provided that the Z moieties are able to penetrate the cell membrane.

An enzyme to cleave V¹ can also be transported to the vicinity of or inside target cells or target tissue via for example antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), polymer-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (PDEPT), macromolecular-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT), virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (VDEPT), or gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). In these approaches, the enzyme that needs to cleave V¹ is transported to or induced to be produced at the target site before administration of the prodrug, e.g., a compound of formula (III) or (IV). In one embodiment, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ occur through an enzyme linked to an antibody using the ADEPT approach.

In again another embodiment, V¹ contains a moiety, for example a nitrobenzyl moiety that can be transformed and/or cleaved by reduction under hypoxic conditions or by reduction by a nitroreductase. After reduction of the nitro group and cleavage of the resulting moiety via self-elimination, self-elimination of the spacer system Y, if present, leads to release of one or more moieties Z.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a conjugate wherein V¹ is a single amino acid, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide, or an oligopeptide moiety comprised of natural L amino acids, unnatural D amino acids, or synthetic amino acids, or a peptidomimetic, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein V¹ comprises a tripeptide. The tripeptide may be linked via its C-terminus to Y. In one embodiment, the C-terminal amino acid residue of the tripeptide is selected from alanine, arginine, citrulline, and lysine, the middle amino acid residue of the tripeptide is selected from alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cyclohexylglycine, tryptophan, and proline, and the N-terminal amino acid residue of the tripeptide is selected from any natural or unnatural amino acid.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein V¹ comprises a dipeptide. The dipeptide may be linked via its C-terminus to Y. In one embodiment, the C-terminal amino acid residue of the dipeptide is selected from alanine, arginine, citrulline, and lysine, and the N-terminal amino acid residue of the dipeptide is selected from any natural or unnatural amino acid.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein V¹ comprises a single amino acid. The amino acid may be linked via its carboxyl group to Y. In one embodiment, the amino acid is selected from alanine, arginine, citrulline, and lysine.

In one embodiment, when the α-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid of V¹ is not coupled to L, this amino acid may be functionalized with a suitable blocking group coupled to the α-amino group or may be an unnatural amino acid such that undesired premature degradation of V¹ by for example ubiquitous enzymes, e.g., exopeptidases, is prevented. Such a blocking group may be any group that prevents or considerably retards premature degradation of V¹. Examples of such a blocking group include a D-amino acid, an acetyl group, a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group, and an oligoethylene or polyethylene glycol.

In a further embodiment, V¹ is selected from D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, D-valylleucyllysine, D-alanylleucyllysine, D-valylphenylalanyllysine, D-valyltryptophanyllysine, D-alanyltryptophanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, valylleucyllysine, alanylleucyllysine, valylphenylalanyllysine, valyltryptophanyllysine, alanyltryptophanyllysine, D-alanylphenylalanylcitrulline, D-valylleucylcitrulline, D-alanylleucylcitrulline, D-valylphenylalanylcitrulline, D-valyltryptophanylcitrulline, D-alanyltryptophanylcitrulline, alanylphenylalanylcitrulline, valylleucylcitrulline, alanylleucylcitrulline, valylphenylalanylcitrulline, valyltryptophanylcitrulline, and alanyltryptophanylcitrulline.

In yet another embodiment, V¹ is selected from phenylalanyllysine, valyllysine, valylalanine, D-phenylalanylphenylalanyllysine, phenylalanylphenylalanyllysine, glycylphenylalanyllysine, alanyllysine, valylcitrulline, N-methylvalylcitrulline, phenylalanylcitrulline, isoleucylcitrulline, tryptophanyllysine, tryptophanylcitrulline, phenylalanylarginine, phenylalanylalanine, glycylphenylalanylleucylglycine, alanylleucylalanylleucine, alanylarginylarginine, phenylalanyl-N⁹-tosylarginine, phenylalanyl-N⁹-nitroarginine, leucyllysine, leucylcitrulline, and phenylalanyl-O-benzoylthreonine.

In a further embodiment, V¹ is selected from phenylalanyllysine, valyllysine, and valylcitrulline.

In yet further embodiments, V¹ is phenylalanyllysine or valyllysine or valylcitrulline.

Therefore, in one embodiment this invention relates to a compound wherein V¹ contains a substrate that can be cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, a cathepsin, cathepsin B, β-glucuronidase, a galactosidase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases, or an enzyme localized by means of directed enzyme prodrug therapy, such as ADEPT, VDEPT, MDEPT, GDEPT, or PDEPT, or wherein V¹ contains a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed through reduction under hypoxic conditions, through reduction by a nitroreductase, or through oxidation.

In another aspect of this invention, a conjugate of this invention is used primarily to improve the pharmacological properties of Z. When a promoiety does not need to be selectively removed at a target site, V¹ of said promoiety may for example be or contain a group that is cleaved by ubiquitous enzymes, e.g., esterases that are present in the circulation or intracellular enzymes, such as for example proteases and phosphatases, by pH-controlled intramolecular cyclization, or by acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, or non-catalyzed hydrolysis, or V¹ may for example be or contain a disulfide or form a disulfide with a neighboring moiety. V¹ may therefore, optionally together with the connecting atom(s) of L and/or Y, for example form a carbonate, carbamate, ureum, ester, amide, imine, hydrazone, hydrazide, oxime, disulfide, acetal, or ketal group that can be cleaved in vivo. This means that V¹, optionally together with the connecting atom(s) of L and/or Y, can for example also represent —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)O—, —N(R^(v))C(O)—, —C(O)N(R^(v))—, —N(R^(v))C(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R^(v))—, —N(R^(v))C(O)N(R^(w))—, —C(O)—, —OC(R^(v))(R^(w))—, —C(R^(v))(R^(w))O—, —OC(R^(v))(R^(w))O—, —C(R^(v))(R^(w))—, —S—, —S—S—, —C═, ═C—, —N═, ═N—, —C═N—, —N═C—, —O—N═, ═N—O—, —C═N—O—, —O—N═C—, —N(R^(v))—N═, ═N—N(R^(v))—, —N(R^(v))—N═C—, or —C═N—N(R^(v))—, wherein R^(v) and R^(w) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, or C₅₋₁₀ aryl, R^(v) and R^(w) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

V¹ may therefore for example be or contain, optionally together with the connecting atom(s) of L and/or Y, a peptide, an amino acid, a peptidomimetic, a disulfide, a monosaccharide or disaccharide or a derivative thereof, a nitroaromatic moiety, an imine, a hydrazide, or a hydrazone moiety.

If V¹ or V¹—Y represents a whole promoiety or L is connected to Y and not to V¹, V¹ may for example also be selected from a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide, R^(p)—[O(R^(p′)O)P(O)]_(pp)—, R^(p)—C(O)—, R^(p)—OC(O)—, and R^(p)—N(R^(p′))C(O)—, wherein pp is selected from 1 to 3 and each R^(p) and R^(p′) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, R^(p) and R^(p′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In one embodiment, V¹ is selected from phosphono, phenylaminocarbonyl, 4-(piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl, piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylcarbonyl.

V¹ itself may contribute to favorable pharmacological properties of the conjugate, for example through the presence of polar functional groups in V¹.

If a conjugate of this invention contains more than 1 promoiety, one of these promoieties may be used to target the conjugate to a target site (targeting promoiety), whereas another promoiety is used to improve the pharmacological properties. In this instance, the V¹ moiety in the targeting promoiety is preferably cleaved at the target site, for example through a target site-specific process such as an enzymatic cleavage by an enzyme predominantly present at the target site or through a more generic intracellular process which can only occur after target cell-selective internalization of the conjugate, whereas the promoiety that helps to improve the pharmacological properties may be cleaved either at the target site or systemically, for example by ubiquitous enzymes.

It should be noted that V¹, either in the form of an amino acid, a di-, tri-, tetra-, or oligopeptide, or in any other form, may contain protecting groups. Compounds of the invention comprising such a protected V¹ may not release any Z moiety when put under conditions that will transform and/or cleave the corresponding unprotected V¹. However, when said compounds are deprotected, such compounds will release one or more Z moieties when put under the appropriate conditions. Compounds comprising such a protected V¹ also fall under the scope of this invention. In one aspect the above can be envisioned for compounds of formula (IV). Suitable protecting groups for functional groups, in particular for amino acids, are well-known to the organic chemist and may for example be found in T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. In another aspect, the protecting group or protecting moiety may be present in a compound of formula (III) and this compound may be administered as such. This means that deprotection should occur in vivo before release of any Z can occur through transformation and/or cleavage of V¹. In vivo deprotection of the protected V¹ moiety in a compound of formula (III) may occur by, for example, hydrolysis or enzymatic conversion. This deprotection may occur at the target site or aspecifically.

Compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) can be designed to eventually release a compound of formula (I) or (II), or a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), after transformation and/or cleavage of the one or more V¹ and V^(1′) moieties. Release of a compound of formula (I) or (II), a compound of formula (I′) or (II′), or a derivative thereof (for example due to only partial degradation of the promoiety) from a conjugate of this invention via another mechanism is however not excluded from this invention.

In another aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (III) represents an intermediate for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or another compound of formula (III). In this instance, for example, V², L², L, and Y are absent, p, q, and z all are 1, and the V¹ moiety may be a protecting group. There may or may not be one or more V^(2′)(-L^(2′)-L′(-(V^(1′)—Y′))_(p′))_(q′)(Z′)_(z′-1) moieties present, in which V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, and Y′ may or may not be absent, and p′, q′, and z′ all may or may not be 1. In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (I) or (II) to which a V¹ moiety is attached. In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (I) or (II) to which a V¹ moiety and a V^(2′)(-L^(2′)-L′(-(V^(1′)—Y′)_(p′))_(q′)(Z′)_(z′-1) moiety are attached. In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (I) or (II) to which a V¹ moiety and a V^(1′) moiety are attached.

In one embodiment, V¹ is not a protecting group.

In another embodiment, V², L², L, and Y are absent, and p, q, and z all are 1.

In a further embodiment, V¹ is a chemically removable group.

In yet a further embodiment, V¹ is a chemically removable group connected to Z via X¹.

In yet another further embodiment, V¹ is a benzyl group connected to Z via X¹.

In another embodiment, V¹ is tert-butoxycarbonyl(methylamino)ethyl(methylamino)carbonyl.

In another embodiment, V¹ is 4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl.

In one embodiment, V¹ is connected to L via more than one functional group on V¹.

In another embodiment, V¹ is connected to L via one functional group on V¹.

In another embodiment, V¹ is connected to L via a functional group in the side chain of one of the natural or unnatural amino acids of V¹.

In another embodiment, the N-terminal amino acid of V¹ is connected via its a amino group to L.

In another embodiment, V¹ is absent.

The Self-Eliminating Spacer System Y

The self-elimination spacer system Y, if present, links V¹ and optionally L to one or more moieties Z, or RM2 in case of a compound of formula (VIII).

A self-elimination spacer system Y may be incorporated in a conjugate of this invention for example to improve the properties of Z or the conjugate in general, to provide for suitable coupling chemistries, and/or to create space between V¹ and Z.

A compound of this invention may contain more than one spacer system Y per promoiety. These moieties Y may or may not be the same.

After cleavage or transformation of V¹, the left-hand side of Y may become unblocked or a V¹—Y self-elimination moiety may be formed, which results in eventual release of one or more moieties Z. The self-elimination spacer systems may for example be those described in WO 02/083180 and WO 2004/043493, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, the ones described in this section, as well as other self-elimination spacers known to a person skilled in the art.

Moiety Y may, in addition to providing suitable coupling chemistries and creation of space between the cleavage site and Z, help improve the pharmacological properties of the conjugate. For example, the presence of a water-soluble moiety or substituent, such as a polyethylene glycol moiety or a substituent that is charged, at least partly, at physiological pH may contribute to the water solubility and/or increase the storage stability and/or plasma stability of the conjugate.

In one aspect the invention is related to compounds wherein Y is

(W—)_(w)(X-)_(x)(A-)_(s),

wherein

W and X are each a single-release 1,2+2n electronic cascade spacer (n≥1), being the same or different;

A is an ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer that forms a cyclic ureum derivative upon cyclization;

s is 0 or 1;

w and x are numbers representing degree of polymerization and are independently an integer from 0 (included) to 5 (included).

In one embodiment, w+x is 0, 1, or 2. In another embodiment, s is 0. In yet another embodiment, s is 1. In yet another embodiment, w+x is 1 or 2 and s is 1. In yet another embodiment, w+x is 1 and s is 1. In yet another embodiment, w is 1, x is 0, and s is 1.

According to a further embodiment of this invention, the 1,2+2n electronic cascade spacers W and X are independently a moiety having the formula:

wherein

Q′ is selected from —R¹¹⁰C═CR¹¹¹—, S, O, NR¹¹¹, —R¹¹¹C═N—, and —N═CR¹¹¹—;

B is selected from NR¹¹², O, and S;

P is C(R¹⁰⁸)(R¹⁰⁹)Q;

R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷, B, and (T-)_(t)(T′-)_(t′)(T″-)_(t″)P are connected to C^(a), C^(b), C^(c), and C^(d) in such a way that B and (T-)_(t)(T′-)_(t′)(T″-)_(t″)P are connected to two adjacent carbon atoms or to C^(a) and C^(d), respectively;

Q is absent or —O—C(O)—;

t, t′, and t″ are numbers representing degree of polymerization and are independently an integer from 0 (included) to 5 (included);

T, T′, and T″ are independently selected from moieties having the formula:

R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷, R¹⁰⁸, R¹⁰⁹, R¹¹⁰, R¹¹¹, R¹¹², R¹¹³, and R¹¹⁴ are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(y), SR^(y), S(O)R^(y), S(O)₂R^(y), S(O)OR^(y), S(O)₂OR^(y), OS(O)R^(y), OS(O)₂R^(y), OS(O)OR^(y), OS(O)₂OR^(y), OR^(y), NHR^(y), N(R^(y))R^(y1), ⁺N(R^(y))(R^(y1))R^(y2), P(O)(OR^(y))(OR^(y1)), OP(O)(OR^(y))(OR^(y1)), C(O)R^(y), C(O)OR^(y), C(O)N(R^(y1))R^(y), OC(O)R^(y), OC(O)OR^(y), OC(O)N(R^(y))R^(y1), N(R^(y1))C(O)R^(y), N(R^(y1))C(O)OR^(y), and N(R^(y1))C(O)N(R^(y2))R^(y), wherein R^(y), R^(y1), and R^(y2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(y), R^(y1), and R^(y2) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, two or more of the substituents R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷, R¹⁰⁸, R¹⁰⁹, R¹¹⁰, R¹¹¹, R¹¹², R¹¹³, and R¹¹⁴ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In the formulae above, Q may be O—C(O), but it may also be absent. For example, a compound with a benzyl ether linkage between self-elimination spacer and the group that leaves, the oxycarbonyl moiety thus being absent (Q is absent), has been reported to undergo self-elimination⁹.

In one embodiment, t, t′ and t″ are 0.

Substituents R¹⁰⁸ and R¹⁰⁹ can be used to tune the degree of shielding of the linkage to the moiety attached to Q (e.g., A or Z). They may also be used to tune the rate at which the 1,2+2n electronic cascade spacers W and X self-eliminate. In one embodiment, both R¹⁰⁸ and R¹⁰⁹ are H. In another embodiment, R¹⁰⁸ is not H. In yet another embodiment, both R¹⁰⁸ and R¹⁰⁹ are not H.

Substituents R¹⁰⁶, R¹⁰⁷, R¹¹⁰, and R¹¹¹ can be used to tune the degree of shielding of the linkage between V¹ and Y and may thus be used to tune the cleavage rate of a compound of formula (III) or (IV). Furthermore, these substituents can be used to introduce additional water solubility into a compound of this invention. In some embodiments, the 1,2+2n electronic cascade spacer W or X is

wherein bb and cc are independently an integer from 0 to 10 and R¹²³ and R¹²⁴ are independently selected from H and methyl.

In another embodiment, the 1,2+2n electronic cascade spacer W or X is

According to a further embodiment of this invention, the w-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer A is a moiety having the formula:

wherein

u is an integer of 0 or 1;

R¹¹⁵, R¹¹⁶, R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ⁺N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, two or more of the substituents R¹¹⁵, R¹¹⁶, R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are substituent groups that are located on the nitrogen atoms that are part of the connecting linkages to the moieties adjacent to the co-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer in a compound of formula (III), (IV), or (VIII). The nitrogen bearing R¹¹⁶ is connected to Z or RM2 via a carbonyl moiety. The nitrogen atom bearing R¹¹⁵ is connected to W, X, V¹, or L. The size and nature of substituents R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ may, in addition to affecting pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (III), (IV), or (VIII) in general, especially affect the stability of said connecting linkages. For example, choosing R¹¹⁶ to be a small substituent may in general cause the linkage to Z to be less stable to hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation than when R¹¹⁶ is a more bulky substituent (e.g., a substituent that is branched at the carbon α or β to the nitrogen atom). The nature of the R¹¹⁶ substituent, e.g., whether polar or apolar or whether or not charged at physiological pH, may affect the stability of the linkage to Z as well, because the substituent may affect the substrate properties of the connecting linkage for specific enzymes or retard or increase the rate of hydrolysis. If the connecting linkage is susceptible to enzymes that are ubiquitously present, for example enzymes present in the circulation, this may cause premature degradation of the conjugate. The same holds for substituent R¹¹⁵ with regard to the connecting linkage to W, X, V¹, or L. Similarly, the substituents on the carbons directly attached to the nitrogen atoms (R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²¹, and R¹²²) may contribute to the stability of the connecting linkages.

Substituents R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ may also affect the cyclization rate of the co-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer A. Bulky substituents may hinder cyclization and thus generally reduce the cyclization rate. Small substituents may therefore in general be favorable for fast cyclization rates. However, other properties of the substituent, such as electronegativity, polarity, and availability of hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptor groups, may also affect the cyclization rate. Furthermore, if only one of R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ is a bulky substituent, the cyclization rate may be enhanced with respect to cyclization spacers containing two non-bulky substituents, possibly because of B-strain. The cyclization rate may also be affected by the other substituents on the co-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer. Properties of these substituents such as polarity, electronegativity, and hydrogen bonding capabilities, may have an effect on the cyclization rate. Furthermore, the presence of geminal substituents on one of the carbons in between the two nitrogen atoms may enhance the cyclization rate as well (Thorpe-Ingold effect). The joinder of substituents to form one or more rings may also have an effect on the cyclization rate. In this respect, every modification that may bring the two nitrogen atoms closer together or that reduces entropy may have an accelerating effect on the cyclization rate.

Effects on the cyclization rate may be pH dependent and the order of the cyclization rate of two ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacers may be reversed going from for example pH 7 to pH 5.

Although it may be beneficial in some cases for a conjugate of this invention to have an ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer with a fast cyclization rate, thus releasing the active drug shortly after cleavage of V¹, in other cases it may be more beneficial to have an ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization elimination spacer that has a slow cyclization rate or a cyclization rate that lies between two predetermined limits or that preferably cyclizes at a fast rate only within certain pH limits. This may cause the cyclization spacer-drug intermediate to survive for a certain amount of time as a prodrug that will release the drug slowly or after a certain condition has been met.

In one embodiment, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from R^(z), wherein R^(z) is selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, and C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In another embodiment, both R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are not H. In another embodiment, both R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are not methyl. In yet another embodiment, both R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are not H and at least one of R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ is not methyl. In yet another embodiment, both R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are not H and R¹¹⁶ is not methyl. In yet another embodiment, at least one of R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ is not H or methyl. Such cyclization spacers incorporated in a compound of formula (III) or (IV) have been shown to have improved properties with respect to cyclization spacers in which R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are both selected from only H and methyl. For example, the rate of self-elimination, the rate of drug release, conjugate stability, and/or conjugate polarity may be improved.

In one embodiment, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶are independently selected from optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₆ aryl, and C₁₋₆ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 9, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In another embodiment, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In further embodiments, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, dd is 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5, and ee is 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8.

In another embodiment, R¹¹⁵ is methyl and R¹¹⁶ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and ee is selected from 1 to 1000.

In another embodiment, R¹¹⁵ is methyl and R¹¹⁶ is selected from ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and ee is selected from 1 to 1000.

In yet another embodiment, R¹¹⁶ is methyl and R¹¹⁵ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and ee is selected from 1 to 1000.

In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁵ is methyl and R¹¹⁶ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁶ is methyl and R¹¹⁵ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In yet another embodiment, R¹¹⁵ or R¹¹⁶ is joined with one of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² to form a saturated or unsaturated ring. In a further embodiment, R¹¹⁵ or R¹¹⁶ is joined with one of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² to form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring. In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁵ is joined with one of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² to form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring. In yet a further embodiment, R¹¹⁶ is joined with one of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² to form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring.

In another embodiment, two of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated ring. In yet another embodiment, two of R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² not being connected to the same carbon atom are joined to form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring.

In one embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

In a further embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

In a further embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is

In a further embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁵, R¹¹⁶, R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ⁺N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, two or more of the substituents R¹¹⁵, R¹¹⁶, R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles.

In yet a further embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl,

and wherein R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ⁺N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In yet a further embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

and wherein R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ₊N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is

wherein R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is

wherein R¹¹⁶ is selected from ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In another embodiment, the cyclization spacer A is selected from

In another embodiment, cyclization linker A is selected from

In other embodiments, the cyclization linker A is

In other embodiments, the cyclization linker A is

In one embodiment, Y is absent.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to a compound of formula (III) or (IV) wherein X¹ is O and Y is connected to X¹ via an co-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer being part of Y.

In one embodiment, the spacer system Y is selected from

In another embodiment, the spacer system Y is

In another embodiment, the spacer system Y is

In a further embodiment, the spacer system Y is

wherein A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl,

and wherein R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ⁺N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

In a further embodiment, the spacer system Y is

wherein A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In a further embodiment, the spacer system Y is

wherein A is selected from

wherein R¹¹⁶ is selected from ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

In a further embodiment, the spacer system Y is

wherein A is selected from

In another embodiment, at least one of R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ is not H or methyl when the two nitrogen atoms of the ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer are connected via an unsubstituted ethylene bridge.

Other examples of self-eliminating spacers include, but are not limited to, other spacers that can undergo cyclization¹⁰, such as optionally substituted 4-aminobutyric acid amides, appropriately substituted bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] ring systems, 2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides, and “trimethyl-lock” cyclization spacers¹¹. A glycine spacer in which an amine-containing leaving group is connected at the a-position is another useful spacer for the compounds of the invention.¹²

In a conjugate of this invention, a spacer system Y may be connected to more than one V¹ moiety. In this case, transformation and/or cleavage of one of these V¹ moieties may trigger the release of one or more Z moieties. When V¹ moieties that are transformed or cleaved under different conditions are connected to the same Y, release of one or more Z moieties may occur when a conjugate of this invention is brought under one of several distinct conditions if Y can undergo self-elimination in multiple ways. Alternatively, a spacer system Y may be used that requires to be triggered twice or even more times in order to self-eliminate. An example of such a self-elimination spacer is a bicine spacer.¹³ When such a spacer is used in combination with different, selectively cleavable V¹ moieties connected to said spacer, selectivity of release of Z may be increased as two different conditions must be met before Z is released.

The Linking Group L

The linking group L links one or more V¹ and/or Y moieties to L² or RM. Synthesis may be more straightforward when L is connected to V¹ instead of Y and the compound may be less prone to premature degradation as V¹ may be more shielded. Connection of L to Y may have the advantage that V¹ may be transformed and/or cleaved with more ease. Other reasons to connect L to Y may for example be that (part of) Y remains bound to L upon cleavage of V¹, which prevents the release of reactive small molecules, and that the compound may display improved pharmacological properties, solubility, or aggregation behavior. L may be absent, which means that V¹ or Y is directly connected to either L² or RM. In another aspect, however, L is a linking group that functionally links or spaces the one or more V¹ and/or Y moieties and the L² or RM moiety. In a compound of formula (IV), spacing may make the reactive moiety RM more accessible to the reaction partner, for example when the functional moiety V² is being coupled. In a compound of formula (III), spacing may provide for a better accessibility of V¹, because V² is further away, which, especially in the case of enzymatic cleavage or transformation of V¹, may improve the rate at which V¹ is transformed and/or cleaved. However, it was found that a relatively short L moiety may improve in vivo efficacy of a compound of formula (III) compared to similar compounds with a relatively long L moiety, provided that V¹ can still be transformed and/or cleaved at the target site.

The linking group L must contain suitable functional groups at both of its ends to provide for selective coupling with the one or more V¹ and/or Y moieties and L² or RM.

The linking group L may be a water-soluble moiety or contain one or more water-soluble moieties or water-soluble functional groups, such that L contributes to the water solubility of a compound of formula (III) or (IV). L may also be a moiety or contain one or more moieties that reduce(s) aggregation of a compound of formula (III) or (IV), which may or may not be a moiety/moieties that also increase(s) the water solubility of a compound of formula (III) or (IV). Furthermore, L may also contain or be a moiety that causes a compound of formula (III) or (IV) to be less susceptible to an immune response or increased efflux from cells by multidrug resistance-associated transporter proteins. The L moiety may contain an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol moiety or a derivative thereof. This moiety may for example improve the water solubility, reduce aggregation, reduce the immune response, and/or reduce the efflux from cells of a compound of formula (III) or (IV). L may for example contain a —(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹³— or —(CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1) moiety, wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl. In one embodiment, such a moiety is part of a substituent attached to the main chain of L that connects RM or L² to V¹ and not present in the main chain of L itself in order to keep the length of the main chain relatively short. The L moiety may also contain polar groups and/or groups that are charged, at least partly, at physiological pH in order to improve the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (III) or (IV).

In one aspect, the L moiety is a linear, branched, or dendritic moiety, so that it can be connected to one or more V¹ and/or Y moieties. Branching can occur via one or more cyclic structures or at one or more branching atoms that may for example be carbon, nitrogen, silicon, or phosphorus.

The number of branches in L that are connected to V¹ and/or Y does not necessarily equal the total number of branches as in the coupling reaction with V¹ and/or Y not all branches may be coupled to V¹ and/or Y moieties due to incomplete chemical conversion. This means that L may contain branches that are not coupled to V¹ or Y, but instead end in for example a functional group, H, OH, or a leaving group.

Therefore, when L is branched, compounds of this invention may exist as a mixture, wherein each component of the mixture has a different p value. For example, the compound may exist as a mixture of two separate compounds, one compound wherein p is 2 and another compound wherein p is 3. Furthermore, for a given p, the compound may exist as a mixture of (constitutional) isomers as V¹ and/or Y may be connected to distinct (sets of) branches on L.

In one embodiment, L is absent.

In another embodiment, L is a linear linker.

In another embodiment, the chain of atoms linking L² or RM to V¹ consists of less than 19 atoms.

In another embodiment, the chain of atoms linking L² or RM to V¹ consists of less than 15 atoms.

In another embodiment, the chain of atoms linking L² or RM to V¹ consists of less than 10 atoms.

In another embodiment, the chain of atoms linking L² or RM to V¹ consists of less than 5 atoms.

In another embodiment, L is a linear linker containing a 1,2,3-triazole moiety. Such a linker may be built up through a cycloaddition reaction between a molecule containing an azide group and one containing an acetylene group.

In another embodiment, L is a linear linker containing a water-soluble group. In another embodiment, L is a linear linker that comprises an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof. In a further embodiment, L is a linear linker that contains a functional group that is charged, at least partly, at physiological pH.

In another embodiment, L is a branched linker.

In another embodiment, L is a dendritic linker. The dendritic structure may for example be built up through cycloaddition reactions between molecules containing one or more azide groups and ones containing one or more acetylene groups.

In one embodiment, p is 1.

In other embodiments, p is 2 or 3 or 4 or 6 or 8 or 9.

In another embodiment, L is represented by the formula:

wherein

X¹⁰¹ and X102 are each independently O, NR¹³¹, or S;

Each X¹⁰³ and X¹⁰⁴ is independently O, NR¹³², or S;

Each xa, xb, xc, and xd is independently 0 or 1;

kk is a number representing a degree of branching and is an integer selected from 1 (included) to 128 (included);

ll is a number representing a degree of branching and is an integer selected from 0 (included) to 127 (included);

kk+ll≤128;

Each DD is independently H, OH, or a leaving group;

R¹³⁰ is either a dendritic, branched, or unbranched multivalent moiety and selected from optionally substituted alkylene, oligoalkylene, or polyalkylene, and optionally substituted heteroalkylene, oligoheteroalkylene, or polyheteroalkylene, and optionally substituted arylene, oligoarylene, or polyarylene, and optionally substituted heteroarylene, oligoheteroarylene, or polyheteroarylene, and optionally substituted cycloalkylene, oligocycloalkylene, or polycycloalkylene, and optionally substituted heterocycloalkylene, oligoheterocycloalkylene, or polyheterocycloalkylene, and —(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)—, -alkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-alkylene-, -alkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-alkylene-, -heteroalkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)—, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-heteroalkylene-, -heteroalkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-alkylene-, -heteroalkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-heteroalkylene-, -alkylene-(CH₂CH₂O)_(v)-heteroalkylene-, X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ff)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴, a dendritic structure, a sugar residue, and an oligopeptide, or any combination of two or more of the above, wherein optional substituents may for example be selected from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, C₁₋₈ heteroaryl, X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), —(CHOR^(133′))_(vv)—R¹³³, a sugar residue, and charged substituents selected from SO₃ ⁻, OPO₃ ²⁻, PO₃ ²⁻, CO₂ ⁻, and NR¹³³R^(133′)R^(133″), or from any combination thereof;

R¹³¹, R¹³², R¹³³, R^(133′), and R^(133″) are independently selected from H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl;

X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1);

R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl;

ee and ff are independently selected from 1 to 1000;

Each X¹⁴ is independently selected from

v is selected from 1 (included) to 1000 (included);

vv is selected from 1 to 10.

In another embodiment, L is selected from

In yet another embodiment, L is selected from

In yet another embodiment, L is selected from

In yet another embodiment, L contains a moiety that may for example be

wherein ff is selected from 1 to 1000. In other embodiments, ff is selected from 3 to 1000 or 500 or 100 or 50 or 10. In other embodiments, ff is selected to be 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5.

In yet another embodiment, L is selected from

wherein rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1.

In another embodiment, L is selected from

wherein X⁷⁰, X⁷¹, X⁷², and X⁷³ are independently selected from O, S, and NR⁸², X⁷⁴ is selected from

d is selected from 0 to 8, e is 0 or 1, gg′, gg″, gg′″, gg″″, and gg* are independently selected from 0 to 1000, and R⁸¹ and R⁸² are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In other embodiments, gg′, gg″, gg′″, gg″″, and gg* are independently selected from 3 to 1000 or 500 or 100 or 50 or 10.

In vet another embodiment, L is not

The linkage between L and V¹ or Y may for example be an amide, a ureum, a carbonate, or a carbamate linkage. In one embodiment, the linkage between L and V¹ is a ureum, carbonate, or carbamate linkage. Alternatively, when V¹ is a peptide in which the N-terminal amino acid is an amino acid mimic that carries an α-azido group instead of an α-amino group, the linkage between L and V¹ may be a triazole group formed through reaction of an acetylene group being part of L and the α-azido group of V¹.

The Reactive Moiety RM and the Linking Group L²

The reactive moiety RM in a compound of formula (IV) is connected to the linking group L and is able to react with a suitable functional group on a reaction partner.

In one embodiment of this invention, the reactive moiety RM is designed to react with a functional group on the moiety V², which results in formation of a compound of formula (III). In this reaction, the moiety RM is transformed into the moiety L². In another embodiment, the reactive moiety RM is designed to react with a complementary moiety in situ, e.g., in vivo, for example with serum albumin, to give a compound that may or may not be a compound of formula (III).

In one aspect of this invention, the reactive moiety RM contains an electrophilic group that reacts with a nucleophilic group on the reaction partner, for example V², e.g., a thiol group, an amino group, or a hydroxy group.

In another aspect of this invention, the reactive moiety RM contains a nucleophilic group that reacts with an electrophilic group on the reaction partner, for example V², e.g., an aldehyde group.

In another aspect of the invention, the reactive moiety RM contains a cycloaddition partner moiety, e.g., an alkene, a diene, a 1,3-dipole, or a 1,3-dipolarophile, that reacts with a suitable complementary cycloaddition partner moiety on the reaction partner, for example V², e.g., a diene, an alkene, a 1,3-dipolarophile, or a 1,3-dipole.

In another aspect of the invention, the reactive moiety RM contains a group that can be coupled with a suitable complementary group on the reaction partner, for example V², under metal-catalyzed, biocatalyzed, or enzyme-catalyzed conditions, e.g., palladium-catalyzed conditions.

In one aspect of the invention, the reactive moiety RM is, without limitation,

wherein

X³⁵ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(dd), and OC(O)OR^(dd), or C(O)—X³⁵ is an active ester, X³⁶ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, and R^(dd) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl.

In one embodiment, the moiety RM is selected from

which makes it able to react with a thiol group on the reaction partner, for example moiety V².

In another embodiment, the moiety RM is

which makes it able to react with a thiol group on the reaction partner, for example moiety V².

In another embodiment, the moiety RM is

wherein X³⁶ is Br, which makes it able to react with a thiol group on the reaction partner, for example moiety V².

In another embodiment, the moiety RM is selected from

which makes it able to react with an amino group, e.g., a primary or secondary amino group, on the reaction partner, for example moiety V².

In another embodiment, the moiety RM is selected from

which makes it able to react with an aldehyde group on the reaction partner, for example moiety V².

The linking group L² in a compound of formula (III) represents the remainder of RM when the reactive moiety RM has reacted with V². This group then links the moiety V² with L. The group that remains may be a bond, meaning that L² is absent. Typically, however, L² is a linking group. When a compound of formula (III) is formed other than via a compound of formula (IV), L² does not represent the remainder of RM, but may represent a similar or the same moiety and in addition be selected from for example optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkylene, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkylene, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkylene, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkylene, C₅₋₁₀ arylene, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroarylene. The L² moiety may optionally comprise a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety.

In one embodiment, the moiety L² is absent.

In another embodiment, the moiety L² is, without limitation,

In a further embodiment, the moiety L² is

In yet a further embodiment, the moiety L² is

The RM2 Moiety

RM2 may be a reactive moiety or a leaving group.

If RM2 is a reactive moiety, it is preferably different from the RM reactive moiety. In this way, reactions with the bifunctional linker may be carried out selectively and individually with each of the reactive moieties. When RM2 is a reactive moiety, this means that after reaction with a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof, the RM2 moiety (or what remains of it after reaction) may become part of said therapeutic or diagnostic moiety or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof optionally together with any part of Y which may not self-eliminate because of a limited or absent leaving capability of therapeutic or diagnostic moiety-conjugated RM2.

In one embodiment, the RM2 may be connected to Y and be

wherein

X³⁵ is selected from halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(dd), and OC(O)OR^(dd), or C(O)—X³⁵ is an active ester, X³⁶ is selected from halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, X⁹⁵ is either absent or selected from O, S, NR⁹⁵, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, R^(dd) is selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl, and R⁹⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.

RM2 may also be a leaving group. In this case, RM2 is replaced by the therapeutic or diagnostic moiety or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof in a reaction of a compound of formula (VIII) with such a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety or a derivative thereof and this therapeutic or diagnostic moiety or a derivative thereof becomes directly attached to Y.

In one embodiment, RM2 is selected from a halide (fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide), azide, a sulfonate (e.g., an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkanesulfonate, such as methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, and trifluoroethanesulfonate, or an optionally substituted benzenesulfonate, such as p-toluenesulfonate and nosylate), imidazole, a cyclic imide thione, succinimide-N-oxide, phtalimide-N-oxide, p-nitrophenoxide, o-nitrophenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, tetrafluorophenoxide, 1,3,5-trichlorophenoxide, 1,3,5-trifluorophenoxide, a carboxylate, an aminocarboxylate (carbamate), an alkoxycarboxylate (carbonate), and an alkoxy group that together with the carbonyl group of Y can be referred to as an active ester group. Such alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, succinimide-N-oxide, p-nitrophenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, tetrafluorophenoxide, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole, and groups with comparable leaving capability.

The Moiety V²

The moiety V² is a functional moiety, which means that it adds additional functionality to a compound of the invention.

In one embodiment, V² is a targeting moiety. In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that causes accumulation of a compound of the invention at a target site. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that improves the aqueous solubility of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that increases the hydrophobicity of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that reduces extravasation of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that reduces excretion of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that reduces the immunogenicity of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that enhances the circulation time of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that enhances the ability of a compound of the invention to cross a biological barrier, e.g., a membrane, cell wall, or the blood-brain barrier. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that enhances the ability of a compound of the invention to internalize. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that enables a compound of the invention to internalize. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that causes the compounds of the invention to aggregate. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that reduces aggregation of a compound of the invention. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that causes a compound of the invention to form micelles or liposomes. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that causes complexation of a compound of the invention to another molecule, e.g., a biomolecule. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a polynucleotide moiety that complexes with a complementary nucleotide sequence, for example RNA or DNA. In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that causes a compound of the invention to bind, associate, interact, or complex to another moiety, for example a (functionalized) surface or solid support.

In another embodiment, V² exhibits two or more different functions. The V² moiety may for example be a targeting moiety and at the same time improve the pharmacological properties, including water solubility.

In one aspect of the invention, the moiety V² includes within its scope any unit that binds or reactively associates or complexes with a receptor, a receptor complex, antigen, or other moiety associated with a given target cell population. V² can be any molecule that binds to, complexes with, or reacts with a moiety of a cell population sought to be therapeutically or otherwise biologically modified. The V² moiety acts to deliver the one or more moieties Z to the particular target cell population with which V² reacts or to which V² binds. Such V² moieties include, but are not limited to, aptamers, full-length antibodies and antibody fragments and derivatives thereof, lectins, biologic response modifiers, enzymes, vitamins, growth factors, steroids, nutrients, sugar residues, oligosaccharide residues, hormones, and any derivatives thereof, or any combination of any of these. Upon binding, reactively associating, or complexing, the compounds of the invention may or may not be internalized. If internalization occurs, transformation and/or cleavage of V¹ preferably occur inside the target cell.

Useful non-immunoreactive protein, polypeptide, or peptide V² moieties include, but are not limited to, transferrin, epidermal growth factors (“EGF”), bombesin, gastrin and its derivatives, gastrin-releasing peptide, platelet-derived growth factor, IL-2, IL-6, transforming growth factors (“TGF”), such as TGF-a and TGF-P, tumor growth factors, vaccinia growth factor (“VGF”), insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II, lectins, and apoprotein from low density lipoprotein.

Useful polyclonal antibody V² moieties are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules. Various procedures well-known in the art may be used for the production of polyclonal antibodies to an antigen-of-interest.

Useful monoclonal antibody V² moieties are homogeneous populations of antibodies to a particular antigen (e.g., a cancer cell antigen). A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to an antigen-of-interest can be prepared by using any technique known in the art which provides for the production of monoclonal antibody molecules.

Useful monoclonal antibody V² moieties include, but are not limited to, human monoclonal antibodies, humanized monoclonal antibodies, or chimeric human-mouse (or other species) monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies may be made by any of numerous techniques known in the art.

The V² moiety can also be a bispecific antibody. Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art.

The V² moiety can be a functionally active fragment, derivative, or analog of an antibody that immunospecifically binds to an antigen on a target cell, e.g., a cancer cell antigen. In this regard, “functionally active” means that the fragment, derivative, or analog is able to elicit anti-anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize the same antigen that the antibody from which the fragment, derivative, or analog is derived, recognizes.

Other useful V² moieties comprise fragments of antibodies including, but not limited to, F(ab′)₂ fragments, which contain the variable region, the light chain constant region, and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain, which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and Fab fragments, which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)₂ fragments. Other useful V² moieties are heavy chain and light chain dimers of antibodies, or any minimal fragment thereof such as Fvs or single chain antibodies (SCAs), domain antibodies, anticalins, affibodies, nanobodies, and any other molecules with the same, similar, or comparable specificity as the parent antibody.

Additionally, recombinant antibodies, such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and non-human portions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are useful V² moieties. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules from non-human species having one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the non-human species and a framework region from a human immunoglobulin molecule.

Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable as V² moieties. Such antibodies can for example be produced using transgenic mice that are incapable of expressing endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chains genes, but which can express human heavy and light chain genes.

In other embodiments, the V² moiety is a fusion protein of an antibody, or a functionally active fragment or derivative thereof, for example one in which the antibody is fused via a covalent bond (e.g., a peptide bond) at either the N-terminus or the C-terminus to an amino acid sequence of another protein (or portion thereof, preferably at least a 10, 20, or 50 amino acid portion of the protein) that is not the antibody. Preferably, the antibody or fragment thereof is covalently linked to the other protein at the N-terminus of the constant domain.

The V² moiety antibodies include analogs and derivatives that are modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule as long as such covalent attachment permits the antibody to retain its antigen-binding immunospecificity. For example, but not by way of limitation, derivatives and analogs of antibodies include those that have been further modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, disulfide reduction, phosphylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting or blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to another protein, etc. Additionally, the analog or derivative can contain one or more unnatural amino acids.

The V² moiety antibodies include antibodies having modifications (e.g., substitutions (for example cysteine to serine or serine to cysteine), deletions, or additions). In particular, they include antibodies having modifications in amino acid residues identified as involved in the interaction between the Fc domain and the FcRn receptor. Modifications may also be introduced to be able to couple the antibody to linker-agent conjugates at specific positions on the antibody.

In a specific embodiment, an antibody immunospecific for a cancer or tumor antigen is used as a V² moiety in accordance with the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention.

Antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained commercially or produced by any method known to one of skill in the art, such as chemical synthesis or recombinant expression techniques. The nucleotide sequences encoding antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained, e.g., from the GenBank database or a database like it, a commercial or other source, literature publications, or by routine cloning and sequencing.

Examples of antibodies available for the treatment of cancer that may be useful for incorporation into conjugates of this invention as a V² moiety include, but are not limited to, HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), which is a humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer; RITUXAN (rituximab), which is a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; OvaRex (oregovomab), which is a murine antibody for the treatment of ovarian cancer; Panorex (edrecolomab), which is a murine IgG_(2a) antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer; IMC-BEC2 (mitumomab), which is a murine IgG antibody for the treatment of lung cancer; IMC-C225 (erbitux), which is a chimeric IgG antibody for the treatment of head and neck cancer; Vitaxin, which is a humanized antibody for the treatment of sarcoma; Campath I/H (alemtuzumab), which is a humanized IgG₁ antibody for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); SGN-70, which is a humanized anti-CD70 antibody for the treatment of hematologic malignancies; Smart MI95, which is a humanized IgG antibody for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); J591, which is a humanized antibody against prostate specific membrane antigen; LymphoCide (epratuzumab), which is a humanized IgG antibody for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; SGN-33, which is a humanized anti-CD33 antibody for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia; Smart ID 10, which is a humanized antibody for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Oncolym, which is a murine antibody for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Allomune, which is a humanized anti-CD2 mAb for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; Avastin (bevacizumab), which is a humanized anti-VEGF antibody for the treatment of lung and colorectal cancers; SGN-40, which is a humanized anti-CD40 antibody for the treatment of multiple myeloma; SGN-30, which is a chimeric anti-CD30 antibody for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease; CEAcide, which is a humanized anti-CEA antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer; IMC-1C11, which is an anti-KDR chimeric antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer, lung cancers, and melanoma; and Cetuximab, which is an anti-EGFR chimeric antibody for the treatment of epidermal growth factor positive cancers.

Other antibodies that may be useful for incorporation into conjugates of this invention as a V² moiety include, but are not limited to, antibodies against the following antigens: CA125, CA9, CA6, CA15-3, CA19-9, L6, Lewis Y, Lewis X, Lewis A, alpha fetoprotein, CA 242, placental alkaline phosphatase, prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostatic acid phosphatase, epidermal growth factor receptors, interleukin receptors, integrins, insulin-like growth factor receptors, CanAg, DAF, PEM, IRTA-2, IRTA-4, AFP, HER2, EGFR, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, MAGE-1, LUCA1, LUCA2, MAGE-2, MAGE-3, MAGE-4, ED-B, MADCAM, CEACAMS, MCP-1, Cripto, TAT226, VLA-4, C3B, anti-transferrin receptor, endosialin, E-selectin, GCC, GP-75, Syndecan-1, GPNMB, ROBO4, STEAP-1, CMET, EGP-1, Kim-1, Tim-1, Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, HMW-MAA, TMEFF2, PSCA, CLL-1, TNF-α, FAP-α, IFN-α, EphA2, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EGFL-7, DLL-4, RS7, 4-1BB, TENB2, FLT3, p97, FGF19, FGFR2, glypican-3, P53, L53, RON, MN, GFR-α3, FDF03, TSLPR, MUC1-KLH, Tag 72, MUC18, B7H4, PTK7, RG-1, MUC16, CSAP, PDGF, PSMA, 5T4, EpCAM, SGA-1M, SGA-56M, SGA-72M, IGF1R, CCR2, CCRS, CTLA4, CLCA-1, ELAM1, DRS, CEA, CXCR-4, GD2, gp100, GD3 ganglioside, L243, HMGB1, GPC-3, MART1, IL-2 receptor, CD2, CD3, CD303, CD4, CD20, CD43, CD44, CD30, CD55, CD151, CD154, CD19, CD21, CD23, CD79, CD52, CD25, CD45, CD46, CD56, CD59, CD7, CD137, CD138, CD74, CD133, CD80, CD63, CD64, CD66, CD140b, CD32, CD33, CD37, CD22, CD27, Apo-2, ERBB4, HLA-DR, HLA-DR10, human chorionic gonadotropin, CD38, CD40, CD70, mucin, P21, a cancer stem cell-specific receptor, MPG, and Neu oncogene product. Many other internalizing or non-internalizing antibodies that bind to tumor-associated antigens can be used in this invention as a V² moiety, some of which have been reviewed¹⁴.

In one embodiment, the anti-Her2 antibody trastuzumab is selected as the V² moiety. In another embodiment, an epitope-binding functional fragment or derivative of trastuzumab is selected as the V² moiety. In yet another embodiment, an anti-Her2 antibody or a functional fragment or derivative thereof is selected as the V² moiety. In yet another embodiment, an anti-Her2 antibody or functional fragment or derivative thereof that has improved properties with respect to trastuzumab is selected as the V² moiety; improved properties may for example be increased binding, longer circulation half-life, increased internalization rate, higher binding specificity for tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue, and/or reduced immunogenicity.

In yet another embodiment, the anti-PSMA antibody J591 is selected as the V² moiety. In another embodiment, an epitope-binding functional fragment or derivative of J591 is selected as the V² moiety. In yet another embodiment, an anti-PSMA antibody or a functional fragment or derivative thereof is selected as the V² moiety. In yet another embodiment, an anti-PSMA antibody or functional fragment or derivative thereof that has improved properties with respect to J591 is selected as the V² moiety; improved properties may for example be increased binding, longer circulation half-life, increased internalization rate, higher binding specificity for tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue, and/or reduced immunogenicity.

In yet other embodiments, an anti-CD19 antibody or an anti-CD22 antibody or an anti-CD30 antibody or an anti-CD33 antibody or an anti-CD56 antibody or an anti-CD70 antibody or an anti-CD74 antibody or an anti-CD138 antibody or an anti-CLL-1 antibody or an anti-5T4 antibody or an anti-CD303 antibody or an anti-Tag 72 antibody or an anti-Lewis A like carbohydrate antibody or an anti-EphB3 antibody or an anti-HMW-MAA antibody or an anti-CD38 antibody or an anti-Cripto antibody or an anti-EphA2 antibody or an anti-GPNMB antibody or an anti-integrin antibody or an anti-MN antibody is selected as the V² moiety. In yet other embodiments, an epitope-binding functional fragment or derivative of an anti-CD19 antibody or an anti-CD22 antibody or an anti-CD30 antibody or an anti-CD33 antibody or an anti-CD56 antibody or an anti-CD70 antibody or an anti-CD74 antibody or an anti-CD138 antibody or an anti-CLL-1 antibody or an anti-5T4 antibody or an anti-CD303 antibody or an anti-Tag 72 antibody or an anti-Lewis A like carbohydrate antibody or an anti-EphB3 antibody or an anti-HMW-MAA antibody or an anti-CD38 antibody or an anti-Cripto antibody or an anti-EphA2 antibody or an anti-GPNMB antibody or an anti-integrin antibody or an anti-MN antibody is selected as the V² moiety. Therefore, in one embodiment, the V² moiety may be selected from an anti-CD19 antibody, an anti-CD22 antibody, an anti-CD30 antibody, an anti-CD33 antibody, an anti-CD56 antibody, an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD74 antibody, an anti-CD138 antibody, an anti-CLL-1 antibody, an anti-5T4 antibody, an anti-CD303 antibody, an anti-Tag 72 antibody, an anti-Lewis A like carbohydrate antibody, an anti-EphB3 antibody, an anti-HMW-MAA antibody, an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-Cripto antibody, an anti-EphA2 antibody, an anti-GPNMB antibody, an anti-integrin antibody, an anti-MN antibody, an anti-Her2 antibody, and an anti-PSMA antibody, or from an epitope-binding functional fragment or derivative of any of these.

In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-nuclear antibody or an antibody that can bind to a receptor or receptor complex expressed on a target cell. The receptor or receptor complex can comprise an immunoglobulin gene superfamily member, an integrin, a chemokine receptor, a TNF receptor superfamily member, a cytokine receptor, a major histocompatibility protein, a complement control protein, or a lectin.

In another specific embodiment, an antibody immunospecific for an antigen associated with an autoimmune disease is used as a V² moiety in accordance with the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention. In another specific embodiment, an antibody immunospecific for a viral or microbial antigen is used as a V² moiety in accordance with the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention. As used herein, the term “viral antigen” includes, but is not limited to, any viral peptide, polypeptide, protein, saccharide, polysaccharide, or lipid that is capable of eliciting an immune response. As used herein, the term “microbial antigen” includes, but is not limited to, any microbial peptide, polypeptide, protein, saccharide, polysaccharide, or lipid that is capable of eliciting an immune response.

New antibodies are continually being discovered and developed, and the present invention provides that these new antibodies may also be incorporated into a compound of this invention.

V² can react with the reactive moiety RM via for example a heteroatom on V². Heteroatoms that may be present on V² include, without limitation, sulfur (in one embodiment, from a sulfhydryl group), oxygen (in one embodiment, from a carboxyl or hydroxyl group), and nitrogen (in one embodiment, from a primary or secondary amino group). V² may also react via for example a carbon atom (in one embodiment, from a carbonyl group). These atoms can be present on V² in V²'s natural state, for example a naturally occurring antibody, or can be introduced into V² via (chemical) modification.

Free sulfhydryl groups can be generated in an antibody or antibody fragment by reduction of the antibody (fragment) with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). In this way, modified antibodies can be obtained that can have from 1 to about 20 sulfhydryl groups, but typically between about 1 and about 9 sulfhydryl groups.

Alternatively, V² can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be chemically modified to contain one or more sulfhydryl groups. As another alternative, sulfhydryl groups can be generated by reaction of amino groups, for example from lysine moieties, on V² with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent), N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA), or another sulfhydryl-generating reagent. Such a reagent may also be used to introduce additional functionality. For example, a sulfhydryl-generating reagent may be used that not only introduces a sulfhydryl group onto V², but at the same time introduces a water-soluble moiety such as an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. Such a group may be present as a substituent in the reagent (instead of being part of the main chain) in order to keep the sulfhydryl group close to the V² moiety. The presence of such a water-soluble moiety may eventually improve the pharmacological properties of a compound of formula (III).

In one embodiment, the V² moiety is a receptor-binding moiety.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is an antibody or an antibody fragment or a derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof. In one embodiment, V² has one or more sulfhydryl groups and V² reacts with one or more RM moieties of one or more compounds of formula (IV) via one or more of these sulfhydryl groups' sulfur atoms to form a compound of formula (III) in which one or more compounds of formula (IV) have thus been incorporated.

In yet another embodiment, V² contains one or more disulfide bonds that can be chemically reduced to sulfhydryl groups (two for each disulfide bond), which can then be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 1 to about 3 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 2 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 3 to about 5 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 4 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 7 to about 9 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² contains about 8 sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be chemically modified to have one or more sulfhydryl groups. V² reacts with RM moieties via these one or more sulfhydryl groups' sulfur atoms to form a compound of formula (III).

In another embodiment, V² can have one or more lysine groups that can be chemically modified to have one or more sulfhydryl groups, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III).

Reactive moieties that can react with a sulfhydryl group include, but are not limited to, carbamoyl halide, acyl halide, a-haloacetamide, halomethyl ketone, vinyl sulfone, maleimide, and 2-disulfanylpyridine.

In yet another embodiment, V² can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be oxidized to provide one or more aldehyde groups. The corresponding aldehyde(s) can then react with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III). Reactive moieties that can react with an aldehyde group on V² include, but are not limited to, hydrazine, hydrazide, amine, and hydroxylamine.

In yet another embodiment, V² can have one or more amino groups, e.g., from lysine residues, which can be reacted with one or more reactive moieties RM to form a compound of formula (III). Reactive moieties that can react with an amino group include, but are not limited to, carbamoyl halide, α-haloacetamide, acyl halide, aldehyde, sulfonyl chloride, alkyl halide, alkyl sulfonate, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate.

A conjugate of formula (III) may exist as a mixture, wherein each component of the mixture has a different q value. For example, the compound may exist as a mixture of two separate compounds, one compound wherein q is 2 and another compound wherein q is 3. As another example, a compound may exist as a mixture of 5 separate compounds, in which q is 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. As yet another example, a compound may exist as a mixture of more than 5 separate compounds. Such mixtures might further be “contaminated” with unconjugated V². When analyzing the compound of formula (III) it is understood that q may be the (rounded) average number of L²-L(-(V¹—Y))_(p)(Z)_(z/q) units per V² moiety. Furthermore, for a given q, the compound may exist as a mixture of (constitutional) isomers as the q L²-L(-(V¹—Y))_(p)(Z)_(z/q) moieties may be connected to distinct (sets of) functional groups on V². It should be noted that the number of Z moieties in each unit only equals z/q if all units are the same and/or contain the same number of Z moieties.

In one embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom of V².

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q ranges from about 1 to about 20.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q ranges from about 1 to about 9.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q ranges from about 1 to about 3.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q is about 1.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q is about 2.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q ranges from about 3 to about 5.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q is about 4.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q ranges from about 7 to about 9.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a sulfur atom and q is about 8.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) exists as a mixture of separate compounds.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) exists as a mixture of separate compounds wherein q for three compounds is 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) exists as a mixture of separate compounds wherein q for three compounds is 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) exists as a mixture of separate compounds wherein q for three compounds is 5, 6, and 7, respectively.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) exists as a mixture of separate compounds wherein q for three compounds is 7, 8, and 9, respectively.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a nitrogen atom of V².

In yet another embodiment, the V² moiety is connected to L² via a carbon atom of V².

In another aspect of this invention, the V² moiety includes any unit that causes accumulation of compounds of the invention at the target site or in the vicinity thereof by a mechanism other than binding or reactively associating or complexing with a receptor, antigen, or other receptive moiety associated with a given target site, e.g., a target cell population. One way to achieve this is for example to use a large macromolecule as a V² moiety, which targets to solid tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Ringsdorf reported use of polymers to target antitumor agents to tumors.¹⁵ Through this EPR effect, macromolecules passively accumulate in solid tumors as a consequence of the disorganized pathology of angiogenic tumor vasculature with its discontinuous endothelium, leading to hyperpermeability to large macromolecules, and the lack of effective tumor lymphatic drainage.

The V² moiety may for example be a branched or unbranched polymer, such as for example poly [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (HPMA), hydroxy ethyl starch (HES), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA), polyglutamic acid or poly-L-glutamic acid (PG), carboxymethyldextran (CMDex), a polyacetal, chitosan, a polypeptide, an oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol (PEG), or a copolymer, such as an HPMA copolymer, an HPMA-methacrylic acid copolymer, a HEMA-methacrylic acid copolymer, a CMDex copolymer, a β-cyclodextrin copolymer, a PEG copolymer, or a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymer.¹⁶ In this document both polymer and copolymer are referred to as polymer.

The polymer may be connected to L² via any suitable functional group, which can be located at one or both ends of the polymer, meaning that in the conjugate q ranges from 1 to 2, or alternatively, the functional groups may (also) be located on groups pendant on the polymer such that L² is (also) connected to the polymer via these pendant groups with q typically ranging from 1 to about 1000. Optionally, the polymer may also contain an additional targeting group that can bind or reactively associate or complex with a receptive moiety, e.g., an antibody or antibody derivative, bonded to the polymer either via a pendant group or end group, such that improved targeting to the target site is achieved.

Alternatively, the V² moiety may be a dendrimer or a protein or protein fragment, e.g., serum albumin, which has no targeting properties except for its ability to accumulate at the target site because of its size or molecular weight.

In one embodiment, the V² moiety contains a polymer.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a polymer.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a polymer and q ranges from 1 to about 1000.

In other embodiments, the V² moiety is a polymer and q ranges from 1 to about 500 or 400 or 300 or 200 or 100 or less than 100.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a polymer and q ranges from 1 to 2.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a polymer and q is 1.

In a specific embodiment, the V² moiety is an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a dendrimer, a protein, or a protein fragment.

In another embodiment, V² is absent.

In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a moiety that is able to transport the conjugate across a biological barrier, e.g., a cell membrane, either with or without prior binding, associating, or complexing with a receptor or receptor complex. In one embodiment, the V² moiety is a Tat peptide or a derivative, fragment, or analog thereof, or a moiety that has similar transmembrane delivery properties. In another embodiment, the V² moiety is a protein or protein fragment, an antibody or an antibody fragment, a receptor-binding or peptide vector moiety, or a polymeric or dendritic moiety, or any combination thereof, to which is attached a Tat peptide or a derivative, fragment, or analog thereof, or a moiety that has similar transmembrane delivery properties.

Thus, in one aspect of the invention, the moiety V² is a targeting moiety and is selected from the group consisting of a protein or protein fragment, an antibody or an antibody fragment, a receptor-binding or peptide vector moiety, and a polymeric or dendritic moiety, and any combination or derivative thereof.

In another aspect of the invention, the V² moiety is a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties of a conjugate of the invention. For example, the moiety V² can be chosen such that the water solubility of the conjugate is (further) improved. This can be achieved by choosing V² to be a hydrophilic moiety. Alternatively, the V² moiety can be used for example to increase the residence time of the compound in the circulation, to reduce extravasation and/or excretion, to reduce aggregation, and/or to reduce the immunogenicity of the compound. This may for example be achieved by choosing V² to be or contain a polyethylene glycol or oligoethylene glycol or derivative thereof. When the moiety V² is a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties of a compound of the invention and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed aspecifically and there are no V^(1′) and V^(2′) moieties, the compound solely serves to improve the (pharmacological) properties of the one or more Z moieties.

In one embodiment, V² is a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed specifically.

In another embodiment, V² is an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed specifically.

In another embodiment, V² is a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed aspecifically.

In another embodiment, V² is an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed aspecifically.

In another embodiment, V² is an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof and V¹ is a moiety that can be cleaved by ubiquitous enzymes.

In another embodiment, V² is an oligoethylene glycol or a polyethylene glycol or a derivative thereof and V¹ is a hydrolyzable moiety.

In another embodiment, V² contains a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety.

In one aspect of this invention, the V² moiety is represented by formula (VI):

wherein V²*, L²*, L*, V¹*, Y*, p*, q*, and z* have the same meaning as V², L², L, Y, p, q, and z, respectively, as defined in this document and are selected independently, except that Y* is connected to L². It should be noted that z* actually equals q, assuming that all Y* are indeed connected to L². When a compound of formula (III) contains a V² moiety represented by formula (VI), the one or more L² moieties are thus connected to Y.

Use of a V² moiety of formula (VI) in a conjugate of formula (III) implicates that two conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transformable moieties may be present in between the functional moiety V²* and Z, and therefore two separate cleavages/transformations may be required to release Z. The requirement that two different conditions need to have been met—in consecutive order—before one or more Z are released might favorably affect the properties of the conjugate. For instance, it may increase the targeting efficiency and therapeutic index of the conjugate. The two transformations/cleavages may occur at different extracellular/intracellular locations. The moiety to be removed by the second cleavage or as a consequence of the second transformation may for example be used to help transport Z from a first extracellular or intracellular location (where the first cleavage has occurred) to a second extracellular or intracellular location, or to stabilize Z until it is closer to its target, or to (temporarily) increase the water solubility of Z. In order to increase the targeting efficiency and/or therapeutic index using this concept, the second transformation and/or cleavage should only occur after the first transformation and/or cleavage have occurred. If the second transformation and/or cleavage can also occur before the first transformation and/or cleavage have occurred, an improved targeting efficiency and/or an improved therapeutic index due to this concept seems unlikely.

It will be apparent that a V² moiety of formula (VI) or a promoiety containing such a V² cannot only be useful in conjugates of a compound of formula (I) or (II), but may be used in similar conjugates of other therapeutic agents, diagnostic moieties, and the like.

A compound of formula (III) containing a V² moiety of formula (VI) may be prepared from a compound of formula (III) containing a V² moiety of formula (VII):

wherein RM* has the same meaning as RM and is selected independently.

It should be understood that in this document, whenever V², L², L, Y, RM, p, q, or z is mentioned, the same can apply for each V²*, L²*, L*, V¹*, Y*, RM*, p*, q*, or z*, respectively, unless the context dictates otherwise.

It should be understood that the functional moiety V² can have several functional properties combined. For example, V² can be a moiety that improves the pharmacological properties of a compound of this invention and at the same time be or contain a targeting moiety.

Conjugates of this invention may contain one or more promoieties. These promoieties may be the same or different. The presence of two or more promoieties may favorably affect the properties of the conjugate. For instance, it may improve the water solubility and/or increase the targeting efficiency of the conjugate. Furthermore, if in a targeted conjugate there are two promoieties and the promoiety required for targeting is prematurely cleaved from Z, for example in the circulation, the second promoiety attenuates the cytotoxicity of Z.

In one embodiment, when there are two or more promoieties, said promoieties are different from each other. The two or more different promoieties may have different functions and may be removed under different conditions and at different extracellular/intracellular locations.

In one embodiment, there is one promoiety linked to Z. In another embodiment, there is one promoiety linked to Z via X¹. In another embodiment, there are two promoieties linked to Z. In another embodiment, there are two promoieties linked to Z, of which one is connected via X¹. In another embodiment, there are two promoieties linked to Z, of which one is connected via X¹ and the other to the DNA-alkylating unit. In another embodiment, there are two promoieties linked to Z, of which one is connected via X¹ and the other to the DNA-binding unit. In another embodiment, there are two promoieties linked to Z, of which one is connected to the DNA-binding unit and the other to the DNA-alkylating unit. In yet another embodiment, there are three promoieties linked to Z. In yet another embodiment, there are three promoieties linked to Z, of which one is connected via X^(l).

In another aspect, this invention relates to conjugates and linker-agent conjugates similar to compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) in which the Z moiety is a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety different from a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′), or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof. Therapeutic moieties may for example be selected from anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin), antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine), calicheamycins, dolastatins, auristatins, tubulysins, epothilones, taxoids (e.g., paclitaxel, docetaxel), maytansinoids, mitomycins, other alkylating agents (e.g., melphalan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide), and other tubulin-binding agents (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine). All embodiments for compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) also apply to conjugates and linker-agent conjugates similar to compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) in which the Z moiety is a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety different from a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′), or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof, unless the context dictates otherwise.

In one aspect of this invention, a compound of formula (III) comprises at least 2 promoieties. The first promoiety contains at least a targeting moiety and the second comprises at least a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety or 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, and V¹* of said same second promoiety is present. Similarly, a compound of formula (IV) may comprise at least 2 promoieties. The first promoiety contains at least a reactive moiety RM and the second comprises at least a X¹⁴(CH₂CH₂O)_(gg)CH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moiety or 2 X¹⁴CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂X¹⁴ moieties, and V¹* of said same second promoiety is present. Said second promoieties of compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) may for example be represented by

In one embodiment, said second promoiety is selected from

wherein X⁷⁰, X⁷¹, X⁷², and X⁷³ are independently selected from O, S, and NR⁸², X⁷⁴ is selected from

d is selected from 0 to 8, e is 0 or 1, gg′, gg″, gg′″, gg″″, and gg* are independently selected from 0 to 1000, and R⁸¹ and R⁸² are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl. In other embodiments, gg′, gg″, gg′″, gg″″, and gg* are independently selected from 3 to 1000 or 500 or 100 or 50 or 10.

In another embodiment, said second promoiety is selected from

wherein gg′ is selected from 0 to 1000. In other embodiments, gg′ is selected from 3 to 1000 or 500 or 100 or 50 or 10.

In a further embodiment, said second promoiety is selected from

wherein gg′ is selected from 0 to 1000, AS is

wherein A is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

f is 0, 1, or 2, g is 0 or 1, and PM is an amino acid or a peptide coupled with its N-terminus to L′.

In other embodiments, gg′ is selected from 3 to 1000 or 500 or 100 or 50 or 10 or 5.

In one embodiment, (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-1) or (III-2):

In more specific embodiments, the DB unit in a compound of formula (III-1) or (III-2) is DB1 or DB2 or DB3 or DB4 or DB5 or DB6 or DB7 or DB8 or DB9.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3a) or (III-4a), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB1:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X³, X³⁴, X⁴, X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹¹, or X¹².

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3b) or (III-4b), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB2:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X³, X³⁴, X⁴, X⁶, X⁷, X⁹, X¹¹, or X¹².

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3c) or (III-4c), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB3:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, or X¹¹.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3d) or (III-4d), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB4:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, or X¹¹.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3e) or (III-4e), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB5:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of R^(8b), R^(9b), X³, X³⁴, X⁴, X⁷, or X¹¹.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (III-3f) or (III-4f), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB6:

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (III-3g) or (III-4g), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB7:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X³, X³⁴, X⁴, X⁶*, X⁷, X⁷*, X⁸, X⁸*, X⁹*, or X¹¹*.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is a compound of formula (III-3h) or (III-4h), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB8:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X³, X³⁴, X⁴, X⁷, or X⁸.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-3i) or (III-4i), wherein the DNA-binding moiety is DB9:

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, or X¹¹.

This invention further relates to compounds of formulae (III-3j)-(III-3r) and (III-4j)-(III-4r), which are identical to compounds of formulae (III-3a)-(III-3i) and (III-4a)-(III-4i), respectively, except that the two promoieties have switched places, Y now being connected to an atom in the DNA-binding unit and Y′ being connected to X¹.

It is noted that if in any of compounds of formulae (III-3a)-(III-3i) and (III-4a)-(III-4i) Y′ is connected to a ring atom being part of ring A or ring B instead of to an atom in an R substituent connected to said ring atom, this in fact means that such an R substituent is absent if this is necessary to meet valency rules. The same holds for Y in compounds of formulae (III-3j)-(III-3r) and (III-4j)-(III-4r).

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by a compound of formula (III-5) or (III-6):

wherein Y′ is connected to an atom being part of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), X² or to any of the atoms bearing these R substituents.

In more specific embodiments, the DB unit in a compound of formula (III-5) or (III-6) is DB1 or DB2 or DB3 or DB4 or DB5 or DB6 or DB7 or DB8 or DB9.

In a further embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by compounds of formulae (III-7) and (III-8), which are identical to compounds (III-5) and (III-6), respectively, except that the two promoieties have switched places, Y now being connected to an atom in the DNA-alkylating unit and Y′ being connected to X¹.

In more specific embodiments, the DB unit in a compound of formula (III-7) or (III-8) is DB1 or DB2 or DB3 or DB4 or DB5 or DB6 or DB7 or DB8 or DB9.

When Y′ in compounds of formulae (III-5) and (III-6) is connected to a ring atom instead of to an atom in an R substituent connected to said ring atom, this in fact means that such an R substituent is absent if this is necessary to meet valency rules. The same holds for Y in compounds of formulae (III-7) and (III-8).

Similar embodiments can be envisioned for compounds of formula (IV) by replacing V²-L² and/or V^(2′)-L^(2′) by RM and/or RM′, respectively, and removing the parentheses with subscript q and/or q′. Therefore, compounds of formulae (IV-1), (IV-2), (IV-3a)-(IV-3r), (IV-4a)-(IV-4r), (IV-5), (IV-6), (IV-7), and (IV-8) are represented by the structures of compounds of formulae (III-1), (III-2), (III-3a)-(III-3r), (III-4a)-(III-4r), (III-5), (III-6), (III-7), and (III-8), respectively, in which at least one of V²-L² and V^(2′)-L^(2′) is replaced by RM and RM′, respectively.

In one embodiment, the V^(2′)(-L^(2′)-L′(-(V^(1′)—Y′))_(p′))_(q′)(Z′)_(z′-1) moiety in any of compounds of formulae (III-3a)-(III-3r), (III-4a)-(III-4r), (III-5), (III-6), (III-7), and (III-8) or an analogous compound thereof based on a compound of formula (IV) is represented by

In another embodiment, the V^(2′)(-L^(2′)-L′(-(V^(1′)-Y′))_(p′))_(q′)(Z′)_(z′-1) moiety in any of compounds of formulae (III-3a)-(III-3r), (III-4a)-(III-4r), (III-5), (III-6), (III-7), and (III-8) or an analogous compound thereof based on a compound of formula (IV) is represented by

In one embodiment, p is an integer from 1 (included) to 128 (included). In another embodiment, q is an integer from 1 (included) to 1000 (included). In other embodiments, p is an integer from 1 (included) to 64 (included) or 32 (included) or 16 (included) or 8 (included) or 4 (included) or 2 (included), or p is 1. In other embodiments, q is an integer from 1 (included) to 500 (included) or 400 (included) or 300 (included) or 200 (included) or 100 (included) or 16 (included) or 8 (included) or 6 (included) or 4 (included) or 2 (included), or q is 1. In another embodiment, q is selected from 1 to 4.

In one embodiment, if more than 1 promoiety is connected to a first Z and in one of the promoieties there is more than one attachment site for Z moieties, then the other ones of said promoieties connected to said first Z each contain a single attachment site for a Z moiety.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

In one embodiment, p in a compound of formula (IIIa) is 1.

In another embodiment, in a compound of formula (IIIa) p is 1 and z equals q, which reduces formula (IIIa) to:

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valylly sine, phenylalanylly sine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, CL is selected from

L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 20, rr, a′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, CL is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and a′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, CL is selected from

L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 20, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵ is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, R⁶, R⁷, and R^(H) are H, DB is DB1, V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, CL is selected from

L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 4, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL and CL′ are independently selected from

V¹ and V^(1′) are independently selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, f′ is 0, 1, or 2, g′ is 0 or 1, the CL′ group—or the p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl group if g′ is 0, or the V^(1′) group if f is 0 as well—is connected to an atom in DB, L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and L′ is selected from

wherein gg′ is selected from 0 to 1000.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIa) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL and CL′ are independently selected from

V¹ and V^(1′) are independently selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 0, 1, or 2, f′ is 1, or 2, g is 0 or 1, the CL group—or the p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl group if g is 0, or the V¹ group if f is 0 as well—is connected to an atom in DB, L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and L′ is selected from

wherein gg′ is selected from 0 to 1000.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

In one embodiment, p* in a compound of formula (IIIa*) is 1.

In another embodiment, in a compound of formula (IIIa*) p* is 1 and z* equals q*.

In another embodiment, in a compound of formula (IIIa*) p* is 1 and z* as well as z equal q*, which reduces formula (IIIa*) to:

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

In one embodiment, p in a compound of formula (IIIb) is 1.

In another embodiment, p in a compound of formula (IIIb) is 1 and z equals q, which reduces formula (IIIb) to:

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

In one embodiment, p* in a compound of formula (IIIc) is 1.

In another embodiment, in a compound of formula (IIIc) p* is 1 and z* equals q*.

In yet another embodiment, in a compound of formula (IIIc) p* is 1 and z* as well as z equal q*, which reduces formula (IIIc) to:

In another embodiment, V^(l) in a compound of formula (IIIc) is an enzyme-cleavable substrate. In a further embodiment, V¹ can be cleaved by an intracellular enzyme. In another embodiment, V¹ is an optionally substituted N,N-dialkylaminocarbonyl group wherein the two alkyl groups may be the same or different and optionally be connected to each other to form an optionally substituted heterocycle. In yet another embodiment, V¹ is piperazinocarbonyl. Such a V¹ group may be cleaved enzymatically, for example by carboxylesterases.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIc) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, V¹* is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, is 1 or 2, L* is selected from

q* ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIIc) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, V¹* is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, is 1 or 2, L* is selected from

q* ranges from 1 to 20, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

V¹-Z (IIId)

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (IIId) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL′ is selected from

f′ is 0, 1, or 2, g′ is 0 or 1, V^(1′) is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine or is absent, the CL′ group—or the p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl group if g′ is 0, or the group if f′ is 0 as well, or the L′ group if the V^(1′) group is absent as well—is connected to an atom in DB, L′ is selected from

q′ ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and V¹ is selected from a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide or a reduced, oxidized, or protected derivative thereof and

wherein R¹⁴¹, R¹⁴², and R¹⁴³ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, or C₁₋₈ heteroaryl.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIId) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL′ is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

f′ is 0, 1, or 2, g′ is 0 or 1, V^(1′) is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine or is absent, the CL′ group or the p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl group if g′ is 0, or the V^(1′) group if f′ is 0 as well, or the L′ group if the V^(1′) group is absent as well—is connected to an atom in DB, L′ is selected from

q′ ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, X⁷⁴ is selected from

each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and V¹ is selected from a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide or a reduced, oxidized, or protected derivative thereof and

wherein R¹⁴¹, R¹⁴², and R¹⁴³ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, or C₁₋₈ heteroaryl.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIId) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL′ is selected from

f′ is 1 or 2, V^(1′) is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, L′ is selected from

q′ ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and V¹ is coupled to an atom of DB and is selected from a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide or a reduced. oxidized. or protected derivative thereof and

wherein R¹⁴¹, R¹⁴², and R¹⁴³ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, or C₁₋₈ heteroaryl.

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IIId) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R¹⁴, and DB are as previously defined, CL′ is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

f′ is 1 or 2, V^(1′) is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, L′ is selected from

q′ ranges from 1 to 20, rr, rr′, rr″, and rr′″ each independently range from 0 to 8, each X⁴⁰ and X⁴¹ is independently selected from O, S, and NR¹³⁵, wherein R¹³⁵ is selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, each uu, uu′, and uu″ is independently selected from 0 and 1, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and V¹ is coupled to an atom of DB and is selected from a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide or a reduced, oxidized, or protected derivative thereof and

wherein R¹⁴¹, R¹⁴², and R¹⁴³ are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₈ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₈ aryl, or C₁₋₈ heteroaryl.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by V²-L²-L-Z (IIIe).

Similar embodiments can be envisioned for compounds of formula (IV) by replacing V²-L² and/or V^(2′)-L^(2′) by RM and/or RM′, respectively, and removing the parentheses with subscript q and/or q′, or by eliminating Ab-SH from the structures. Therefore, compounds of formulae (IVa)-(IVe) are represented by the structures of compounds of formulae (IIIa)-(IIIe), respectively, in which V²-L² or V^(2′)-L^(2′) is replaced by RM or RM′, respectively, and parentheses with subscript q or q′ are removed.

In one embodiment, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (III) is DB1.

In other embodiments, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (III) is DB2 or DB3 or DB4 or DB5 or DB6 or DB7 or DB8 or DB9.

In another embodiment, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (IV) is DB1.

In other embodiments, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (IV) is DB2 or DB3 or DB4 or DB5 or DB6 or DB7 or DB8 or DB9.

In yet another embodiment, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (III) is

In yet another embodiment, the DB moiety of a Z in a compound of formula (IV) is

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, AZ is

V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, CL is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

and L is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, AZ is

V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, CL is

and L is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, AZ is

V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, CL is

R¹¹⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl,

a ranes from 1 to 8, Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof, and L is selected from

In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) is represented by

or by an isomer, or by a mixture of isomers, wherein R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, AZ is

V¹ is selected from valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, CL is

L is selected from

q ranges from 1 to 4, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.

A series of compounds (III-AZ) wherein R^(5a) is methyl, AZ is

L is

Ab is Trastuzumab, V¹ is valylcitrulline, and CL is

were prepared according to the procedure described in Example 15 and evaluated against the corresponding reference compound in which CL is

for amount of aggregate present after the conjugation step. The evaluated compounds had relative aggregate amounts of 33%, 15%, 8%, 58%, and 12%, respectively, compared to that of the reference compound (100%), clearly showing the advantage of the present cyclization spacers.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is selected from

Synthesis of Compounds of the Invention

Compounds of formulae (I)-(IV) and (VIII) can be conveniently prepared in a way for some part analogous to compounds reported in WO 01/83448, WO 02/083180, WO 2004/043493, WO 2007/018431, WO 2007/089149, WO 2009/017394, and WO2010/062171. Further representative synthetic protocols can be found in the Examples.

In one embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is used to prepare a compound of formula (III). In another embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or (II) is used to prepare a compound of formula (IV). In another embodiment, a compound of formula (IV) is used to prepare a compound of formula (III). In another embodiment, a compound of formula (III) wherein V¹ is a protecting group is used to prepare another compound of formula (III) wherein V¹ is an in vivo cleavable/transformable moiety. In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (VIII) is used to prepare a compound of formula (IV). In yet another embodiment, a compound of formula (VIII) is used to prepare a compound of formula (III), optionally via a compound of formula (IV).

Uses, Methods, and Compositions

In one aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (I) or (II) for the preparation of a compound of formula (III).

In another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (IV) for the preparation of a compound of formula (III).

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (I) or (II) for the preparation of a compound of formula (IV).

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (VIII) for the preparation of a compound of formula (IV).

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (VIII) for the preparation of a compound of formula (III), optionally via a compound of formula (III).

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (VIII) for the preparation of conjugates and linker-agent conjugates similar to compounds of formulae (III) and (IV) in which the Z moiety is a therapeutic or diagnostic moiety different from a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′), or a promoiety-containing derivative thereof.

In yet another aspect, this invention relates to use of a compound of formula (III) wherein V¹ is a protecting group for the preparation of another compound of formula (III) wherein V¹ is an in vivo cleavable/transformable moiety.

In yet another aspect, the invention relates to the use of any of the compounds defined hereinabove for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a mammal being in need thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to the use of any of the compounds defined hereinabove for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a tumor in a mammal. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of any of the compounds defined hereinabove for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention of a tumor in a mammal. The invention can also be worded as any of the compounds defined hereinabove for use in the treatment of a mammal being in need thereof, or for use in the treatment of a tumor in a mammal or for use in the prevention of a tumor in a mammal.

The invention also relates to any of the compounds defined hereinabove as a medicament or an active component or active substance in a medicament.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound as defined hereinabove, to provide a solid or a liquid formulation for administration orally, topically, or by injection. Such a method or process at least comprises the step of mixing the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat or prevent an illness characterized by undesired proliferation. In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat or prevent an illness characterized by undesired cell proliferation. In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat a tumor. In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to prevent a tumor. In yet another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat or prevent an inflammatory disease. In yet another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat or prevent an autoimmune disease. In yet another embodiment, a compound of the invention is used to treat or prevent a bacterial, viral, or microbial infection.

In a further embodiment, this invention relates to a method of treating a mammal having an illness characterized by undesired (cell) proliferation with a compound of this invention. In another embodiment, this invention relates to a method of treating a mammal carrying a tumor with a compound of this invention. In yet another embodiment, this invention relates to a method of treating a mammal having an inflammatory disease with a compound of this invention. In yet another embodiment, this invention relates to a method of treating a mammal having an autoimmune disease with a compound of this invention. In yet another embodiment, this invention relates to a method of treating a mammal having a bacterial, viral, or microbial infection with a compound of this invention.

In a further embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a mammal being in need thereof, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a tumor in a mammal, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose. In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a tumor in a human, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the human in a therapeutically effective dose.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease in a mammal, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing an autoimmune disease in a mammal, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a bacterial, viral, or microbial infection in a mammal, whereby the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.

The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention as defined hereinabove. A compound of the invention may be administered in purified form together with a pharmaceutical carrier as a pharmaceutical composition. The preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. The pharmaceutical carrier can be any compatible, nontoxic substance suitable to deliver the compounds of the invention to the patient. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include, for example, aqueous solutions such as (sterile) water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil or injectable organic esters, alcohol, fats, waxes, and inert solids. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may further contain physiologically acceptable compounds that act for example to stabilize or to increase the absorption of the compounds of the invention. Such physiologically acceptable compounds include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins, or other stabilizers or excipients. One skilled in the art would know that the choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable compound, depends, for example, on the route of administration of the composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, buffering agents, dispersing agents, and the like, may also be incorporated into the pharmaceutical compositions.

For oral administration, the active ingredient can be administered in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, and suspensions.

Active component(s) can be encapsulated in gelatin capsules together with inactive ingredients and powdered carriers, such as glucose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, starch, cellulose or cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium saccharin, talcum, magnesium carbonate, and the like. Examples of additional inactive ingredients that may be added to provide desirable color, taste, stability, buffering capacity, dispersion, or other known desirable features are red iron oxide, silica gel, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, edible white ink, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar-coated or film-coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric-coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.

The compounds of the invention are however preferably administered parenterally. Preparations of the compounds of the invention for parenteral administration must be sterile. Sterilization is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, optionally prior to or following lyophilization and reconstitution. The parenteral route for administration of compounds of the invention is in accord with known methods, e.g. injection or infusion by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, or intralesional routes. The compounds of the invention may be administered continuously by infusion or by bolus injection. A typical composition for intravenous infusion could be made up to contain 100 to 500 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl or 5% glucose optionally supplemented with a 20% albumin solution and 1 mg to 10 g of the compound of the invention, depending on the particular type of compound of the invention and its required dosing regime. Methods for preparing parenterally administrable compositions are well known in the art and described in more detail in various sources, including, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science¹⁷.

A compound of the invention may also be used in combination therapy, in which a compound of this invention is used in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents. Combination of two or more therapeutics may favorably affect treatment outcome. The agents may be administered either sequentially or concomitantly. Therefore, in one embodiment this invention relates to use of a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention in combination therapy.

The invention is further exemplified by the following examples. These examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Boc-Protected Cyclization Spacers

Route A

Synthesis of compound 1: 7.5 ml (85 mmol) oxalyl chloride was dissolved in 200 ml DCM and cooled to T<−60° C. and 12.1 ml (171 mmol) DMSO in 10 ml DCM was added dropwise (T<−60° C.) and stirred an additional 10 min. 10.0 g (57 mmol) N-Boc-N-methylaminoethanol in 40 ml DCM were added dropwise (T<−60° C.) and stirred an additional 10 min. 40 ml (285 mmol) Et₃N was added dropwise followed by 50 ml DCM (T<−60° C.) and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was warmed to 0° C. and washed with 3×100 ml water, 100 ml 0.5 M KHSO₄, 75 ml brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/ethyl acetate, 1:0 to 9:1) to give 7.36 g (74%) of compound 1. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.42/1.46 (s, 9H, Boc), 2.93/2.96 (s, 3H, Me), 3.90/4.01 (s, 2H, CH₂), 9.60 (s, 1H, CHO). Z/E isomers.

General procedure reductive amination: 1 mmol R-amine and 1 mmol compound 1 were stirred in 10 ml MeOH for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled in ice and 2 mmol sodium borohydride was added in portions and the mixture stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 1:1) to give N-Boc-N-Methyl-N′-R-diaminoethane.

Compound 4a, R═(CH₂CH₂O)₂H: 40% yield, ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.46 (9H, s, Boc), 2.75-2.87 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.88 (3H, s, NMe), 3.35 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz, CH₂), 3.56-3.63 (4H, m, 2×CH₂, CH), 3.70-3.75 (2H, m, CH₂, CH); MS (ESI) m/z=263.5 (M+H+).

Compound 4b, R═(CH₂)₃COOMe: 61% yield, ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.46 (9H, s, Boc), 1.83 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.39 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH₂) 2.64-2.86 (3H, m, CH/CH₂), 2.88 (3H, s, NMe), 2.99 (1H, m, CH), 3.30-3.49 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.67 (3H, s, CH₃); MS (ESI) m/z=275.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4c: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.15 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃ Ala), 1.38 (9H, s, Boc), 2.57-2.67 (1H, m, α-H), 2.76 (3H, s, NCH₃), 3.08-3.36 (4H, m, CH₂-CH₂), 3.63 (3H, s, OCH₃); MS (ESI): m/z=261.3 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4d: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.12 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH₃ Ala), 1.39 (9H, s, Boc), 2.54-2.61 (1H, m, α-H), 2.77 (3H, s, NCH₃), 3.10-3.51 (13H, m, 6×CH₂+OH), 7.90 (1H, s, NH amide); MS (ESI): m/z=334.4 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4e: 27% yield, ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.44 (9H, s, Boc), 2.72-2.85 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.81 (3H, s, MeN), 3.31 (2H, m, NCH₂), 3.5-3.7 (32H, m, 15×CH₂+OH+NH); MS (ESI): m/z=527.4 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4f: 30% yield, ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.44 (9H, s, Boc), 2.65-2.79 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.80 (3H, s, MeN), 3.26 (2H, m, NCH₂), 3.5-3.7 (48H, m, 23×CH₂+OH+NH); MS (ESI): m/z 703.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4g: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.14 (5H, m, 2 CH and CH₃), 1.35 (9H, s, Boc), 1.47 (4H, m, 4 CH), 1.74-2.38 (4H, m, 4 CH), 2.59 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.75 (3H, s, NCH₃), 3.16 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.99 (2H, m, CH₂); MS (ESI): m/z =329.4 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4h: 63% yield, ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.46 (9H, s, Boc), 1.69 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.24 (6H, s, Me₂), 2.36 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.52 (1H, m, NH), 2.72 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.80 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.88 (3H, s, MeN), 3.37 (2H, m, CH₂); MS (ESI) m/z=260.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4i: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.30-1.36 (4H, m, 2 CH₂ Lys), 1.35 (18H, 2 s, 2 Boc), 1.53 (2H, m, CH₂ Lys), 2.46 (2H, m, CH₂ Lys), 2.56 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.75 (3H, s, NCH₃), 3.13 (3H, m, CH₂ and α-H Lys), 3.58 (3H, s, OCH₃); MS (ESI): m/z=481.4 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4j:¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.36 (31H, m, 1 tBu, 2 Boc and 2 CH₂ Lys), 1.53 (2H, m, CH₂ Lys), 2.46 (2H, m, CH₂ Lys), 2.56 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.75 (3H, s, NCH₃), 3.14 (2H, t, CH₂) 3.64 (1H, m, a-H Lys), 7.01 (d, 1H, NH); MS (ESI): m/z =460.3 (M+H⁺).

Compound 4k:¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.15 (2H, m), 1.30 (2H, m), 1.94 (4H, m), 2.46 (1H, m), 2.76 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 2.87 (3H, s), 3.30 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.60 (1H, m); MS (ESI): m/z=273.3 (M+H⁺).

Route B

General procedure alkylation reaction: To a solution of 1 mmol R-amine and 1 mmol mesylate in dry THF (1.5 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (1.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to RT, concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 1:1) to give the N-Boc-N-Methyl-N′-R-diaminoethane.

Compound 5a, R=iso-propyl:¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ (ppm): 1.05 (6H, d, 2×CH₃), 1.46 (9H, s, Boc), 2.75 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz, CH₂), 2.82 (1H, t, J=6.6 Hz, CH), 2.87 (3H, s, NMe), 3.31 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz, CH₂); MS (ESI) m/z=217.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 5b: Starting from N-Boc-prolinol¹⁸ compound 5b was prepared according to route B. MS (ESI) m/z=215.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 5c: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.39 (9H, s, Boc), 2.73-2.85 (7H, m, NCH₃+2×CH₂), 3.24-3.30 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.39-3.55 (11H, m, 5×CH₂+OH).

Example 2 Synthesis of Compound 2

2.28 g (10 mmol) benzyl phenylcarbonate was dissolved in 20 ml ethanol and 1.03 ml (10 mmol) 1,2-diamino-1-methylpropane was added dropwise and stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was diluted with 25 ml water and acidified with 1M HCl until pH<3 and extracted with DCM. The aqueous phase was basified with 4M NaOH and extracted with DCM. The extract was dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. This gave 1.93 g (87%) monoprotected diamine. This material was dissolved in 25 ml dioxane, 2.028 g (10.5 mmol) Boc₂O and 0.12 g (1 mmol) DMAP were added and the reaction was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, ether/heptane, 1:0 to 7:3) to give 1.13 g (40%) of diprotected diamine. The diprotected diamine was dissolved in 10 ml dry DMF, 1.1 ml (17.5 mmol) iodomethane was added and the reaction mixture cooled in ice. 0.50 g (10.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in oil) was added in portions and stirred in ice for 2 hrs. The mixture was warmed to RT, quenched with 10 ml saturated NH₄Cl and 50 ml water, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/ethyl acetate, 1:0 to 50:1) to give 0.358 g (29%) of Cbz-protected compound 2. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.29 (s, 3H, Me), 1.35 (s, 3H, Me), 1.46 (s, 9H, Boc), 2.82/2.86 (s, 3H, Me, Z/E), 2.93 (s, 3H, Me), 3.72 (s, 2H, CH₂N), 5.12 (s, 2H, benzyl), 7.35 (m, 5H, Phe). This material was dissolved in 20 ml methanol, 0.04 g Pd/C was added, the mixture was stirred under hydrogen for 3 hrs, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated. This gave 0.21 g (100%) of compound 2. MS (ESI): m/z=217.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 3 Synthesis of Compound 3

2.15 g (18.8 mmol) cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane was dissolved in 20 ml ethyl formate and refluxed overnight. The suspension was cooled, filtered and dried under vacuum to give 2.59 g (80%) of product. The solid was added in portions to a cooled mixture of 2.1 g (53 mmol) lithium aluminumhydride in 50 ml THF and the mixture was stirred at RT for lhr and then refluxed overnight. The clear solution was cooled in ice and quenched by dropwise addition of 2.1 ml water followed by 15 ml 20% NaOH. The suspension was briefly heated until the salts were white. The mixture was cooled to RT and filtered. The residue was washed with 2 portions of 50 ml THF. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in 50 ml DCM and washed with 20 ml 4M NaOH. The aqueous phase was extracted with 25 ml DCM, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.94 g (89%) of product. The crude product was dissolved in 50 ml DCM and the mixture cooled to −40° C. and 2.95 g (13.5 mmol) Boc₂O in 10 ml DCM was added dropwise. The mixture was slowly warmed to RT and washed with 20 ml 2M NaOH, dried with MgSO₄, concentrated in vacuo and the crude product purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 9:1) to give 2.09 g (63%) of compound 3. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.38 (m, 6H, cyclohex), 1.46 (s, 9H, Boc), 1.83 (m, 3H, cyclohex+NH), 2.35 (s, 3H, NMe), 2.89 (s, 3H, NMe), 2.95 (m, 1H, CHN), 3.86 (m, 1H, CHN); MS (ESI): m/z=243.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 4 Synthesis of Compound 6

To a solution of 2.55 mmol N-Boc-prolinal in dry THF (5 mL) under an Argon atmosphere was added 0.7 mL glacial acetic acid and 272 mg 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol (2.58 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. 2.59 mmol sodium borohydride was added portion wise, and the mixture was stirred for another 4 hrs after which water was added. The mixture was washed with ethyl acetate, the aqueous layer basified up to pH 10 using Na₂CO₃ and extracted with ethyl acetate (9×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo to give 335 mg (46%) crude 6, which was used without further purification. MS (ESI): m/z=289 (M+H⁺).

Example 5 Synthesis of Compounds 7 and 8

0.17 g (1.5 mmol) N-methylpiperid-4-one and 0.178 g (1.0 mmol) N-Boc-N-methyl-1,2-diaminoethane were reacted with 0.42 g (2.0 mmol) sodium triacetoxyborohydride in 5 ml DCE at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with Me0H and the mixture extracted with DCM and brine (basified to pH>12), dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.31 g (100%) of 7 as an oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.38 (2, m, CH₂), 1.45 (9H, s, Boc), 1.76 (1H, br s, NH), 1.85 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.00 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.27 (3H, s, MeN), 2.46 (1H, m, CH), 2.76 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.86 (3H, s, MeN), 3.30 (2H, t, CH₂); MS (ESI) m/z=272.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 8 was prepared similarly to compound 7 using 0.75 g (4.0 mmol) N-hydroxyethoxyethyl-4-piperidine. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 95:5) to give 0.83 g (66%) of 8 as an oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.46 (9H, s, Boc), 1.89 (2H, m, CH₂), 1.91 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.50 (3H, m, CH+OH+NH), 2.57 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.77 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.87 (3H, s, MeN), 2.94 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.30 (2H, t, CH₂), 3.64 (6H, m, 3×CH₂O); MS (ESI) m/z=346.3 (M+H⁺).

Example 6 Synthesis of Compound 9

0.18 g (1.0 mmol)N-Boc-N-methyl-1,2-diaminoethane and 0.15 g (1.0 mmol) 4-formylbenzoic acid were reacted according to general procedure A of example 1 to give 0.34 g (90%) 9 (HCl salt). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=2.89 (3H, s, MeN), 3.11 (2H, m, CH₂N), 3.57 (2H, t, CH₂N), 4.25 (2H, m, CH₂N), 7.33 (2H, d, ArH), 8.02 (2H, d, ArH), 9.03 (2H, br s, NH₂+), 13.03 (1H, s, CO₂H); MS (ESI) m/z=309.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 7 Synthesis of Compound 11

1.84 g (7.5 mmol) N-Cbz-1,3-diamine hydrochloride and 3 ml Et₃N were dissolved in 50 ml DCM, cooled in ice and 0.94 ml phenyl chloroformate dissolved in 5 ml DCM was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hrs and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 50 ml DCM, washed with 25 ml 0.5 M KHSO₄, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 25 ml EtOH, 4 ml concentrated ammonia was added and the mixture was stirred for 3 hrs. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in 25 ml CHCl₃, washed with 10 ml 4 M NaOH and brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.9 g of intermediate. This material was dissolved in 50 ml MeOH, 0.1 g Pd/C was added and the reaction mixture stirred under hydrogen for 5 hrs. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 0.87 g (95%) of compound 10. 0.26 g (1.7 mmol) of this amine was reacted according to general procedure A to give 0.17 g (36%) of 11 as an oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=1.39 (9H, s, Boc), 1.45 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.48 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.58 (2H, t, CH₂), 2.78 (3H, s, MeN), 2.97 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.18 (2H, t, CH₂), 5.35 (2H, s, NH₂), 5.87 (1H, t, NH); MS (ESI) m/z=275.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 8 Synthesis of Compound 12

0.98 g (4.0 mmol) N-Cbz-1,3-diamine hydrochloride and 3 ml Et₃N were dissolved in 15 ml DCM and added dropwise to 1.65 ml (12 mmol) diethyl oxalate in 15 ml ethanol. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight, concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 95:5) to give the mono-oxalamide. This material was dissolved in 15 ml ethanol and 5 ml concentrated ammonia was added and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was diluted with 50 ml MeOH and 100 mg Pd/C was added. The mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 3 hrs. 10 ml water was added, the mixture was filtered over Celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 0.57 g (94%) of white solid. This was reacted according to general procedure A of Example 1 to give 0.45 g (38%) of 12 as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=1.45 (9H, s, Boc), 1.80 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.80 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 2.89 (3H, s, MeN), 3.39 (4H, m, 2×CH₂), 6.85 (1H, s, NH), 7.40 (1H, s, NH), 8.39 (1H, t, NH); MS (ESI) m/z=303.2 (M+H⁺).

Example 9 Synthesis of Compounds 14a-b and 15a-b

Compound 14c: Compound 13c (0.51 mmol) was dissolved in THF (12 ml); LiOH (1.02 mmol) and water (1 mL) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. Then, the mixture was acidified with aqueous HCl (1M, 1.5 ml), concentrated, concentrated and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 9:1) to yield compound 14c (0.41 mmol)

Compound 15a: Compound 14a (0.11 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (2 ml); pyridine (0.07 mmol) and Boc₂O (0.14 mmol) were added followed by NH₄HCO₃ (0.14 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 8 hrs. Afterwards, the mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 9:1) to yield compound 15a (0.06 mmol).

Example 10 Synthesis of Linker-Agent Conjugates

General procedure for the coupling of the cyclization spacer to the activated protected drug (step 2): 0.2 mmol activated protected drug, 0.6 mmol of mono-protected spacer, and 0.02 mmol HOBt were dissolved in 2 ml DMF, 1 mmol Et₃N was added and the mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 hrs. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the crude product purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH) to give the cyclization spacer-drug.

General procedure for coupling of the linker to the cyclization spacer-drug intermediate (steps 3 and 4): 0.1 mmol cyclization spacer-drug was suspended in 6 ml CHCl₃, the reaction mixture was cooled in ice and 2 ml of TFA was added and the mixture stirred for 3 hrs. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 4 ml DMF, the solution cooled in ice and 0.13 mmol activated linker (16 or 17) and 1 mmol Et₃N were added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hrs, concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 8:2) to an oil which was further purified by preparative reversed phase HPLC (acetonitrile/water+0.1% TFA) and freeze-dried to give construct 18 as a pale yellow solid.

Compound 18b, R=Me: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.32-1.47 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.52-1.71 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.91-1.99 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.81-3.03 (11H, m, 3×CH₃+NCH₂), 4.36-4.43 (1H, m, H-2), 4.45-4.51 (1H, m, α-H), 4.63-4.41 (1H, m, H-2), 4.97-5.08 (3H, m, CH₂ PABA+H-1), 5.97 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.14-7.59 (7H, m, ArH+2×NH), 7.67-7.80 (3H, m, ArH), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-T′), 8.06 (1H, br s, H-6), 8.33 (H, br s, H-4), 8.81 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.55 (1H, s, H-4′), 9.99 (1H, s, NH), 10.20 (1H, s, NH), 10.28 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1257.3 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18c, R=Me: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, Val), 1.28-1.73 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.95 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.94 (3H, s, MeN), 2.87-3.05 (4H, m, 2×CH₂NMe), 4.05 (2H, t, CH₂O), 4.40 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (1H, s, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 5.05 (3H, m, CH₂O, H-2), 5.40 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (10H, m, ArH+NH), 7.91 (2H, d, H-T′), 8.05 (1H, s, H-6), 8.33 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.77 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.52 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.0 (1H, s, NH), 10.19 (1H, s, NH), 10.25 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1345.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂CH₂O)₂H: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ (ppm): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, Val), 1.28-1.73 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.96 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.95 (3H, s, MeN), 2.87-3.05 (4H, m, 2×CH₂NMe), 4.00 (2H, t, CH₂O), 4.35 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 4.93-5.11 (4H, m, CH₂O, H-2, CH), 5.40 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.97 (1H, br s, NH), 6.91 (2H, d, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (10H, m, ArH+NH), 7.91 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.06 (1H, d, H-6), 8.33 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.80 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.54 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.01 (1H, s, NH), 10.20 (1H, s, NH), 10.27 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1331.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18c, R═(CH₂)₄C(NH₂)COOH: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.29-1.98 (11H, m, 3×CH₂ Lys+2×CH₂ Cit+β-H Val), 2.82-3.04 (8H, m, 2×CH₃+NCH₂), 4.35-4.42 (1H, m, H-1), 4.45-4.51 (1H, m, α-H), 4.63-4.70 (1H, m, H-2), 4.95-5.07 (2H, m, CH₂ PABA), 5.09-5.16 (1H, m, H-2), 5.99 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.16-7.77 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.90 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-2″), 8.05-8.09 (1H, m, H-6), 8.19 (3H, br s, NH₂ Lys+OH), 8.31-8.37 (1H, m, H-4), 8.75 (1H, br s, H-3′), 9.53 (1H, br s, H-4′), 10.00 (1H, br s, NH), 10.16-10.26 (2H, m, NH+OH); MS (ESI): m/z =1460.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18d, R=(CH₂CH₂O)₂H: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, Val, J=6.8), 1.30-1.46 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.52-1.70 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.91-1.99 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.80-3.05 (10H, m, ArCH₃+NCH₃+2×NCH2), 3.97-4.06 (5H, m, 2×CH₂O+H-2), 4.20 (2H, d, J=5.6 Hz, NCH₂-triazole), 4.36-4.43 (1H, m, H-1), 4.44-4.52 (3H, m, CH₂-triazole+α-H), 4.63-4.71 (1H, m, H-2), 4.94-5.09 (3H, m, CH₂ PABA+H-2), 5.98 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-3″), 6.99 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.16-7.81 (11H, m, ArH+NH), 7.87 (1H, s, triazole-H), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-2″), 8.05-8.09 (1H, m, H-6), 8.33 (H, m, H-4), 8.83 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.55 (1H, s, H-4′), 10-00 (1H, s, NH), 10.20 (1H, s, NH), 10.28 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1543.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18c, R═(CH₂CH₂O)₂H: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ=0.84 (6H, dd, Val), 1.28-1.73 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.96 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.94 (3H, s, MeN), 2.87-3.05 (4H, m, 2×CH₂NMe), 4.05 (2H, t, CH₂O), 4.40 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 4.93-5.16 (4H, m, CH₂O, CH, H-2), 5.40 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.8 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.90 (2H, d, H-T′), 8.05 (1H, d, H-6), 8.32 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.76 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.51 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.01 (1H, s, NH), 10.19 (1H, s, NH), 10.24 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1419.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18a, R═(CH₂CH₂O)₂H: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.81 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃), 1.30-1.47 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.53-1.71 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.89-1.99 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.82-3.05 (8H, m, 2×CH₃+NCH₂), 3.96-4.02 (1H, m), 4.15-4.23 (1H, m), 4.33-4.40 (1H, m, H-1), 4.44-4.52 (1H, m, α-H), 4.63-4.71 (1H, m, H-2), 4.94-5.12 (3H, m, CH₂+H-2), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.10-7.54 (7H, m, 5 ArH+2×NH), 7.66-7.81 (3H, m, ArH), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-2″), 8.00-8.05 (1H, m, H-6), 8.29-8.37 (1H, m, H-4), 8.79 (1H, br s, H-3′), 9.54 (1H, br s, H-4′), 9.91-10.00 (1H, m, NH), 10.20 (1H, br s, OH), 10.27 (1H, s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=1287.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂)₃C(O)NH₂: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.25-2.15 (9H, m, 2×CH₂ butyramide+2×CH₂ Cit+β-H Val), 2.82-3.04 (8H, m, 2×CH₃+NCH₂), 3.18-3.98 (15H, m, 2×H-10+6×CH₂+α-H), 4.34-4.42 (1H, m, H-1), 4.46-4.54 (1H, m, α-H), 4.63-4.71 (1H, m, H-2), 4.93-5.07 (3H, m, CH₂ PABA+H-2), 5.98 (1H, br s, NH), 6.76 (1H, br s, NH), 6.91 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-3″), 7.00 (2H, s, CH=CH), 7.13-7.58 (8H, m, ArH+2×NH), 7.65-7.83 (3H, m, ArH), 7.91 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, H-2″), 8.04-8.09 (1H, m, H-6), 8.28-8.37 (1H, m, H-4), 8.89 (1H, br s, H-3′), 9.60 (1H, br s, H-4′), 9.93-10.02 (1H, m, NH), 10.34 (1H, br s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=1328.3 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂)₄C(NH₂)COOH: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.30-1.98 (11H, m, 3×CH₂ Lys+2×CH₂ Cit+β-H Val), 2.82-3.04 (8H, m, 2×CH₃+NCH₂), 4.33-4.42 (1H, m, H-1), 4.45-4.51 (1H, m, α-H), 4.62-4.70 (1H, m, H-2), 4.95-5.07 (2H, m, CH₂ PABA), 5.10-5.16 (1H, m, H-2), 5.98 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.13-7.77 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-2″), 8.05-8.09 (1H, m, H-6), 8.19 (3H, br s, NH₂ Lys+OH), 8.31-8.37 (1H, m, H-4), 8.73 (1H, br s, H-3′), 9.51 (1H, br s, H-4′), 10.00 (1H, br s, NH), 10.17-10.25 (2H, m, NH+OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1372.6 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂)₃COOH: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ=0.83 (6H, dd, Val), 1.28-1.73 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.74-2.02 (2H, m, CH₂), 1.95 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.19-2.39 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.94 (3H, s, MeN), 2.87-3.05 (4H, m, 2×CH₂NMe), 4.00 (2H, m, CH₂O), 4.40 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 4.93-5.18 (4H, m, CH₂O, CH, H-2), 5.40 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.8 (10H, m, ArH+NH), 7.91 (2H, d, H-'), 8.06 (1H, d, H-6), 8.33 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.76 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.51 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.01 (1H, s, NH), 10.19 (1H, s, NH), 10.24 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1329.8 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18c, R═(CH₂)₃COOH: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ=0.84 (6H, dd, Val), 1.30-1.73 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.74-2.02 (2H, m, CH₂), 1.95 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.19-2.39 (2H, m, CH₂), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.94 (3H, s, MeN), 2.87-3.05 (4H, m, 2×CH₂NMe), 4.05 (2H, m, CH₂O), 4.40 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 4.95-5.16 (4H, m, CH₂O, CH, H-2), 5.40 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, H-3″), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.8 (9H, m, ArH+NH), 7.91 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.05 (1H, d, H-6), 8.34 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.77 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.52 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.01 (1H, s, NH), 10.19 (1H, s, NH), 10.24 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1417.9 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂)₃NHC(O)NH₂: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.79 (6H, dd, Val), 1.25-1.8 (6H, m, 3×CH₂), 1.91 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.80 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.90 (3H, s, MeN), 2.95 (4H, m, 2×CH₂N), 4.34 (1H, m, H-1), 4.61 (1H, m, H-2), 4.94 (1H, m, H-2), 4.99 (2H, s, CH₂O), 5.32 (4H, br s, 2×NH₂), 5.91 (1H, br s, NH), 5.98 (1H, br s, NH), 6.86 (2H, d, H-3″), 6.95 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (10H, m, ArH+2×NH), 7.86 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.02 (1H, d, H-6), 8.28 (1H, br s, H-4), 8.82 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.54 (1H, s, H-4′), 9.95 (1H, s, NH), 10.15 (1H, s, NH), 10.27 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1343.7 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18c, R═(CH₂)₃NHC(O)NH₂: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.79 (6H, dd, Val), 1.25-1.8 (6H, m, 3*CH₂), 1.91 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.80 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.90 (3H, s, MeN), 2.95 (4H, m, 2×CH₂N), 4.34 (1H, m, CH), 4.45 (1H, m, CH), 4.61 (1H, m, H-2), 4.94 (1H, m, H-2), 4.99 (2H, s, CH₂O), 5.32 (4H, br s, 2×NH₂), 5.91 (1H, br s, NH), 5.98 (1H, br s, NH), 6.86 (2H, d, H-3″), 6.95 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (10H, m, ArH+2×NH), 7.86 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.02 (1H, d, H-6), 8.28 (H, br s, H-4), 8.82 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.54 (1H, s, H-4′), 9.95 (1H, s, NH), 10.15 (1H, s, NH), 10.27 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z =1431.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18d, R═(CH₂)₃NHC(O)NH₂: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, Val), 1.25-1.8 (6H, m, 3×CH₂), 1.95 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.85 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.94 (3H, s, MeN), 2.95 (4H, m, 2×CH₂N), 4.20 (2H, d, NCH₂), 4.39 (1H, m, CH), 4.48 (3H, m, CH+CH₂), 4.67 (1H, m, H-2), 5.02 (3H, m, H-2, CH₂O), 5.41 (4H, br s, 2×NH₂), 5.97 (2H, br s, 2×NH), 6.91 (2H, d, H-3″), 6.99 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.76 (1H, s, triazole-H), 7.88 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.08 (1H, d, H-6), 8.33 (H, br s, H-4), 8.84 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.57 (1H, s, H-4′), 10.00 (1H, s, NH), 10.20 (1H, s, NH), 10.30 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1556.2 (M+H⁺).

Compound 18b, R═(CH₂CH₂O)₃H: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, J=6.5 Hz, J=15.8 Hz, Val), 1.3-1.7 (4H, m), 1.96 (1H, m), 2.90 (8H, m), 3.00-4.00 (6H, m), 4.44 (2H, m), 4.67 (1H, m), 6.69 (1H, s), 5.04 (2H, d, J=9.8 Hz), 5.40 (1H, br s), 5.97 (1H, s, NH), 6.9 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.00 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.13-7.61 (7H, m), 7.75 (3H, m) 7.91 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.06 (1H, m), 8.33 (1H, s), 8.83 (1H, s), 9.56 (1H, s), 9.97 (1H, s), 10.20 (1H, s), 10.30 (1H, s); MS (ESI): m/z=1376 (M+H⁺).

Compound 22: Compound 22 was prepared analogously starting with the corresponding activated drug. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.84 (6H, dd, J=6.4 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.30-1.47 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.52-1.71 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.91-1.99 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.82-3.03 (8H, m, 2×CH₃+NCH₂), 4.18-4.22 (2H, m, CH₂O), 4.35-4.43 (1H, m, H-1), 4.46-4.52 (1H, m, α-H), 4.63-4.71 (1H, m, H-2), 4.94-5.08 (3H, m, CH₂ PABA+H-2), 5.97 (1H, br s, NH), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.09-7.20 (4H, m, H-3″+2 ArH), 7.22-7.58 (5H, m, 3 ArH+2×NH), 7.69-7.82 (3H, m, ArH), 8.00 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-2″), 8.03-8.08 (1H, br s, H-6), 8.28-8.37 (1H, m, H-4), 8.83 (1H, br s, H-3′), 9.57 (1H, br s, H-4′), 9.93-10.02 (1H, m, NH), 10.39 (1H, s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=1509.6 (M+H⁺).

Compound 23: Compound 23 was prepared analogously starting with the corresponding activated drug. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ=0.80 (6H, dd, J=6.5 Hz, J=15.9 Hz, 2×CH₃), 1.3-1.7 (4H, m), 1.93 (1H, m), 2.9 (11H, m), 3.00-4.50 (10H, m), 5.03 (3H, m), 5.40 (1H, br s), 5.94 (1H, s, NH), 6.98 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.10-7.85 (11H, m), 8.03 (3H, m), 8.32 (1H, m) 8.76 (1H, s), 9.50 (1H, s), 9.78 (1H, s), 9.98 (1H, br s), 10.51 (1H, br s); MS (ESI): m/z=1457 (M+H⁺).

Compound 26: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, J=6.8 Hz, 2×CH₃), 1.30-1.47 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.54-1.71 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.90-2.00 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.82-3.03 (10H, m, ArCH₃+NCH₃+2×NCH2), 3.19 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.97-4.03 (2H, m, NCH₂-triazole), 4.37-4.52 (2H, m, H-1+α-H), 4.64-4.69 (3H, m, H-2+CH₂), 4.94-5.13 (3H, m, CH₂ PABA+H-2), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 7.01 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.14-7.58 (7H, m, 5 ArH+3×NH), 7.72-7.84 (3H, m, ArH), 8.04-8.07 (1H, m, H-6), 8.29-8.38 (H, m, H-4), 8.74-8.80 (2H, s, H-3′+triazole-H), 9.53 (1H, s, H-4′), 10-00 (1H, s, NH), 10.85 (1H, s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=1496.9 (M+H⁺).

Example 11 Synthesis of Compound 19

0.21 g (0.85 mmol) N-Boc-N-methyl-N′-methyl-1,2-diamino-1-methylpropane, 0.45 g (0.64 mmol) 20 and 8 mg HOBt were dissolved in 5 ml DMF. 0.75 ml DiPEA was added and the reaction mixture stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 20:1) to give 0.50 g (100%) of intermediate. This material was suspended in 4 ml CHCl₃ and cooled in ice. 2 ml TFA was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hrs at 0° C. and then concentrated in vacuo. To this material in 6 ml DMF, 0.11 g (0.15 mmol) activated MOM-protected drug, 2 mg HOBt and 0.2 ml (1.2 mmol) Et₃N were added and the mixture was heated at 50° C. for 3 hrs. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 75:15) to give 0.14 g (72%) material. This was suspended in 6 ml CHCl₃ cooled in ice. 0.5 ml of TFA was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hrs and then concentrated in vacuo. This material and 0.045 g (0.17 mmol) maleimide-alkyne linker were dissolved in 2 ml DMF. 0.6 mL of a solution of 0.025 g (0.1 mmol) CuSO₄, 0.022 g (0.11 mmol) 1,10-phenanthroline and 0.022 g (0.11 mmol) sodium ascorbate in 1 ml acetonitrile/water (1:2) was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 hrs. The mixture was acidified with acetic acid and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/MeOH, 1:0 to 8:2) to give 0.026 g (16%) material which was further purified by preparative reversed phase HPLC and freeze dried to give 0.015 g of 19. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.79 (6H, dd, Val), 1.34 (3H, br s, gem-Me₂), 1.38 (3H, br s, gem-Me₂), 1.3-1.7 (4H, m, CH₂CH₂Cit), 1.90 (1H, m, βHVal), 2.80 (3H, s, MeAr), 2.91 (3H, s, MeN). 3.11 (3H, br s, MeN), 3.95 (2H, t, CH₂O), 3.98 (2H, t, CH₂O), 4.15 (2H, d, NCH₂-triazole), 4.30 (1H, m, H-1), 4.43 (2H, t, CH₂-triazole), 4.61 (1H, m, H-2), 5.00 (2H, s, CH₂O), 5.04 (1H, m, H-2), 5.37 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.92 (1H, br s, NH), 6.85 (2H, d, H-3″), 6.94 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.81 (1H, s, triazole-H), 7.84 (2H, d, H-T′), 8.03 (1H, d, H-6), 8.27 (H, br s, H-4), 8.73 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.48 (1H, s, H-4′), 9.98 (1H, s, NH), 10.15 (1H, s, NH), 10.21 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1497.6 (M+H⁺).

Compound 21: The same procedure was followed as for compound 19. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, Val), 1.3-2.1 (3 Hm, cyclohexyl+CH₂CH₂Cit+βHVal), 2.84 (3H, s, MeAr), 3.01 (8H, m, 2×MeNCH), 3.98 (4H, m, 2×CH₂O), 4.20 (2H, d, NCH₂-triazole), 4.36 (1H, m, H-1), 4.48 (2H, t, CH₂-triazole), 4.65 (1H, m, H-2), 5.04 (1H, m, H-2), 5.06 (2H, s, CH₂O), 5.39 (2H, br s, NH₂), 5.96 (1H, br s, NH), 6.90 (2H, d, H-3″), 6.99 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.2-7.7 (11H, m, ArH+3×NH), 7.87 (1H, s, triazole-H), 7.91 (2H, d, H-2″), 8.06 (1H, d, H-6), 8.36 (H, br s, H-4), 8.80 (1H, s, H-3′), 9.55 (1H, s, H-4′), 9.97 (1H, s, NH), 10.20 (1H, s, NH), 10.27 (1H, s, OH); MS (ESI): m/z=1523.6 (M+H⁺).

Example 12 Synthesis of Maleimide-Peptide Linkers

Compound 25a: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.83 (6H, dd, J=6.9 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.30-1.51 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.53-1.76 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.90-2.01 (1H, m, (3-H Val), 2.89-3.08 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 3.62 (2H, t, J=5.4 Hz, CH₂), 3.83-3.88 (1H, m, α-H), 3.97-4.05 (1H, m), 4.16-4.24 (1H, m), 4.35-4.43 (1H, m, α-H), 5.25 (2H, s, CH₂), 5.41 (2H, s, NH₂), 5.95-5.99 (1H, m, NH), 7.02 (2H, s, HC═CH), 7.11-7.14 (1H, m, NH), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, Ar—H), 7.54-7.59 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 8.03-8.06 (1H, m, NH), 8.29-8.33 (2H, m, Ar—H), 10.08 (1H, s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=712.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 25b: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ=0.85 (6H, dd, J=6.9 Hz, 2×CH₃ Val), 1.32-1.50 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.54-1.76 (2H, m, CH₂ Cit), 1.91-2.02 (1H, m, β-H Val), 2.90-3.09 (2H, m, CH₂), 3.49-3.60 (6H, m, CH₂), 3.87-3.92 (1H, m, α-H), 3.97-4.06 (2H, m, CH₂), 4.37-4.46 (1H, m, α-H), 5.24 (2H, s, CH₂), 5.41 (2H, s, NH₂), 5.95-6.00 (1H, m, NH), 7.01 (2H, s, HC═CH), 7.15-7.18 (1H, m, NH), 7.41 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz, Ar—H), 7.54-7.59 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 8.07-8.10 (1H, m, NH), 8.29-8.33 (2H, m, Ar—H), 10.11 (1H, s, NH); MS (ESI): m/z=756.5 (M+H⁺).

Compound 25c: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃/CD₃OD) δ=0.98 (6H, dd, J=6.9 Hz, J=14.4 Hz, CH₃), 1.59 (2H, m), 1.76 (1H, m), 1.94 (1H, m), 2.13 (1H, m), 3.08-3.28 (2H, m) 3.54-3.76 (10H, m, CH₂O), 4.00 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 4.20 (2H, m), 4.57 (1H, m), 5.27 (2H, s, OCH₂Ar), 6.78 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.42 (4H, m, ArH), 7.65 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 8.30 (2H, d, J=9.2 Hz).

Compound 25d: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃/CD₃OD) δ=0.98 (6H, dd, J=6.9 Hz, J=14.4 Hz, CH₃), 1.59 (2H, m), 1.76 (1H, m), 1.94 (1H, m), 2.13 (1H, m), 3.08-3.28 (2H, m) 3.57-3.76 (14H, m, CH₂O), 4.00 (1H, m), 4.22 (2H, m), 4.57 (1H, m), 5.26 (2H, s, OCH₂Ar), 6.78 (2H, s, CH═CH), 7.42 (4H, m, ArH), 7.66 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.29 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz).

Example 13 Determination of the Cyclization Rate of Cyclization Spacer-Duocarmycin Compounds

Cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compounds in which the cyclization spacer is coupled to the hydroxy group of the DNA-alkylator were prepared from the corresponding Boc-protected derivatives such as and similar to compound 14a by treatment with TFA in DCM for 10 minutes, followed by concentration. For measurement of the cyclization rate at pH 7.4, the cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compound was dissolved in a mixture of 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and acetonitrile (60/40) at 25° C. and disappearance of starting material/appearance of free drug was followed over time by LC/MS (direct injection of reaction mixture). For measurement of the cyclization rate at pH 5, the cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compound was dissolved in a mixture of 100 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 5 and acetonitrile (60/40) at 37° C. and disappearance of starting material/appearance of free drug was followed over time by LC/MS (direct injection of reaction mixture). Cyclization rates were calculated from the LC/MS data. FIG. 2 shows some representative data. All cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compounds depicted in FIG. 2 contain the same duocarmycin compound. CM-Drugl contains a cyclization spacer used in the prior art. All other cyclization spacer-duocarmycin compounds contain cyclization spacers selected from the ones described in Examples 1-9. The results presented in FIG. 2 indicate that the cyclization spacers of the present invention can be used to modulate the cyclization rate.

Example 14 Human Plasma Stability of HSA-Conjugated Linker-Agent Conjugates

Linker-agent conjugate containing a maleimide group was dissolved in DMSO and added to sodium heparine-stabilized human plasma at 37° C. such that the concentration of linker-agent conjugate was 7.5 μM and percentage DMSO was 2.5%. Linker-agent conjugate reacted in situ with human serum albumin within 5 minutes, as indicated by LC/MS. Formation of free drug was followed over time by LC/MS. Plasma samples were treated with acetonitrile and centrifuged before analysis. FIG. 3 presents the human plasma stability data for a representative selection of linker-agent conjugates of the present invention. All linker-agent conjugates contain the same duocarmycin analog and linkers are coupled to the DNA alkylator moiety, except for LD13, in which the linker is bound to the DNA binder moiety. LDS, LD12, and LD13 contain linkers that have been used in the prior art and that contain a relatively long linker as in compound 18d. LD10, LD25, LD26, LD28 and LD29 contain similar relatively short linkers as in compound 18b and have different cyclization spacers. LD10 and LD12 only differ in L moiety. The results in FIG. 3 demonstrate that conjugates with a relatively short linker have a high human plasma stability, which generally exceeds that of corresponding conjugates with a relatively long linker. Plasma stability is furthermore demonstrated to be affected by the cyclization spacer.

Example 15 single Dose Efficacy Study in Female nu/nu Mice Bearing an N87 Xenograft

Preparation of ADCs: Trastuzumab (50 mg, 10 mg/mL) was reduced using 1.1 molar equivalents of TCEP by incubating at 20° C. for 90 minutes to generate 2 free thiols per mAb. The incorporation ratio was confirmed via the Ellman's assay. Linker-agent conjugate dissolved in DMSO was added to the reduced antibody solution dropwise at a ratio of 1.3 molar equivalents per free thiol such that the final concentration of DMSO was 10%. After mixing for a further 50 minutes at 20° C., the reaction was quenched by the addition of one molar equivalent of N-acetylcysteine per linker-agent conjugate. After quenching, the conjugate was desalted into PBS pH 7.4 buffer and then purified using a 5 ml r-Protein A column, with the product collected off this column being desalted into presentation buffer (same buffer as in commercially available Herceptin). The product was filtered to 0.2 μm and characterized for aggregate (SEC), drug-to-antibody ratio (UV, 280 nm vs 335 nm), and free linker-agent conjugate (LC/MS). ADCs used in the efficacy study described below contain a representative selection of linker-agent conjugates of the present invention and have an average drug-to-antibody ratio of approximately 2.

Efficacy study: 7-8 week old female nu/nu mice were implanted with N87 tumor fragments subcutaneously. Treatment started 19 days after implant when the mean estimated tumor mass for all groups was 130 mg. ADC groups contained 6 animals per group; control groups contained 4 animals per group. Animals were treated with a single dose of 12 mg ADC/kg (0.2 mL/20 g for vehicle; 12 mg mAb/kg for trastuzumab) on day 0. Animals were euthanized when the tumor reached a mass of 1,000 mg. FIG. 4A shows the average tumor burden for each group. A line stops after a first animal in the corresponding group has been euthanized due to tumor burden. FIG. 4B shows the average body weight change for each group. FIG. 4C shows the survival percentage in each group. ADC5 is based on a linker-agent that contains a relatively long linker as in 18d, whereas the ADCs based on the other linker-agents contain a relatively short linker as in 18b. ADC30 contains a different drug than the other ADCs, but has the same linker as ADC28. ADC5 and ADC28 only differ in L moiety. The results in FIGS. 4A-4C demonstrate that conjugates that contain a relatively short linker have a better efficacy than the corresponding conjugate with a relatively long linker. Both the nature of the linker and the nature of the drug were demonstrated to have an effect on efficacy as well.

Example 16 Cleavage of Quenched Linker-Agent Conjugates by Cathepsin B

Linker-agent conjugate was dissolved in acetonitrile/water and 5 equivalents of N-acetylcysteine were added. The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 h at RT and subsequently freeze-dried to give the quenched linker-agent conjugate. Quenched linker-agent conjugate dissolved in DMSO was added to a 5 μg/mL solution of cathepsin B (>200 U/mg) in sodium acetate buffer pH 5 at 37° C. The final concentration of quenched linker-agent conjugate was 130 μM. Disappearance of starting material was monitored over time by LC/MS. FIG. 5 presents the cathepsin B cleavage data for a representative selection of quenched linker-agent conjugates of the present invention. LD5, LD12, and LD13 are based on linker-agents from the prior art and contain linkers that are relatively long as in 18d, whereas the linkers in the other quenched linker-agent conjugates are as in 18b. The said other quenched linker-agent conjugates primarily differ in cyclization spacer. The results from FIG. 5 demonstrate that all quenched linker-agent conjugates are cleaved efficiently by cathepsin B.

REFERENCES

-   1 Boger, D. L.; Johnson, D. S.; Wrasidlo, W. Bioorg. Med. Chem.     Lett. 1994, 4, 631-636. -   2 McGovren, J. P., Clarke, G. L., Pratt, E. A., DeKoning, T. F. J.     Antibiot. 1984, 37, 63-70. -   3 Carter, P.; Smith, L.; Ryan, M. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer 2004, 11,     659-687. -   4 Bagshawe, K. D. Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 220-230. -   5 Melton, R.; Connors, T.; Knox, R. J. S.T.P. Pharma Sciences, 1999,     13-33. -   6 Huber, B. E.; Richards, C. A.; Krenitsky, T. A. Proc. Natl. Acad.     Sci. USA, 1991, 88, 8039-8043. -   7 Bagshawe, K. D.; Springer, C. J.; Searle, F.; Antoniw, P.;     Sharma, S. K.; Melton, R. G.; Sherwood, R. F. Br. J. Cancer, 1988,     58, 700-703. -   8 Duncan, R. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2, 347-360. -   9 Told, B. E.; Cerveny, C. G.; Wahl, A. F.; Senter, P. D. J. Org.     Chem., 2002, 67, 1866-1872. -   10 See for some recently disclosed cyclization spacers for example     WO 2005/079398, WO 2005/105154, and WO 2006/012527. -   11 Greenwald, R. B., Choe, Y. H., McGuire, J., Conover, C. D. Adv.     Drug Delivery Rev. 2003, 55, 217-250. -   12 Kingsbury, W. D.; Boehm; J. C.; Mehta, R. J.; Grappel, S. F.;     Gilvarg, C. J. Med. Chem. 1984, 27, 1447-1451. -   13 Greenwald, R. B.; Zhao, H.; Yang, K.; Reddy, P.; Martinez, A. J.     Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 726-734. -   14 (a) Franke, A. E.; Sievers, E. L.; and Scheinberg, D. A. Cancer     Biother. Radiopharm. 2000, 15, 459-476.     -   (b) Murray, J. L. Semin. Oncol. 2000, 27, 2564-2570. (c)         Breitling, F., and Dubel, S., Recombinant Antibodies, John Wiley         and Sons, New York, 1998. -   15 Ringsdorf, H. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp. 1975, 51, 135-153. -   16 Elvira, C.; Gallardo, A.; San Roman, J.; Cifuentes, A. Molecules     2005, 10, 114-125. -   17 Remington's Pharmaceutical Science (15th ed., Mack Publishing,     Easton, Pa., 1980) (incorporated by reference in its entirety for     all purposes) -   18 Pettit, G. R.; Burkett, D. D.; Barkóczy, J.; Breneman, G. L.;     Pettit, W. E. Synthesis 1996, 719-725. 

1. A compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein V² is either absent or a functional moiety, wherein said functional moiety is other than an antibody, an antibody fragment or a derivative thereof; each L² is independently absent or a linking group linking V² to L; each L is independently absent or a linking group linking L² to one or more V¹ and/or Y; each V¹ is independently absent or a conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transfoiniable moiety, which can be cleaved or transformed by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process; each Y is independently absent or a self-eliminating spacer system which is comprised of 1 or more self-elimination spacers and is linked to V¹, optionally L, and one or more Z; each p and q are numbers representing a degree of branching and are each independently a positive integer; z is a positive integer equal to or smaller than the total number of attachment sites for Z; each Z is independently a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein DB is a DNA-binding moiety and is selected from the group consisting of

R¹ is a leaving group; R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, ═C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R^(18′) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X² is selected from the group consisting of O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)), and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′); R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f), and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X³ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁵)R^(15′), —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—C(R^(15′))(R^(15′″))—, —N(R¹⁵)—N(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—N(R^(15″))—, —N(R^(15″))—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—O—, —O—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—S—, —S—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)═C(R^(15′))—, ═C(R¹⁵)—C(R^(15′))═, —N═C(R^(15′))—, ═N—C(R^(15′))═, —C(R¹⁵)═N—, ═C(R¹⁵)—N═, —N═N—, ═N—N═, CR¹⁵, N, and NR¹⁵, or in DB1 and DB2 —X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, wherein X^(3a) is connected to X³⁴, a double bond is present between X³⁴ and X⁴, and X^(3b) is connected to X¹¹, wherein X^(3a) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁶)R^(16′), NR¹⁶, N, and CR¹⁶; X⁵ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁷)R^(17′), NOR¹⁷, and NR¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ and R^(17′) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁶ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹¹, CR¹¹(R^(11′)), N, NR¹¹, O, and S; X⁷ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁸, CR⁸(R^(8′)), N, NR⁸, O, and S; X⁸ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁹, CR⁹(R^(9′)), N, NR⁹, O, and S; X⁹ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰, CR¹⁰(R^(10′)), N, NR¹⁰, O, and S; X¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of CR²⁰, CR²⁰(R^(20′)), N, NR²⁰, O, and S; X¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²¹, and N, or X¹¹—X^(3b) is selected from the group consisting of CR²¹, CR²¹(R^(21′)), N, NR²¹, O, and S; X¹² is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²², and N; X⁶*, X⁷*, X⁸*, X⁹*, X¹⁰*, and X¹¹* have the same meaning as defined for X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, and X¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected; X³⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²³, and N; the ring B atom of X¹¹* in DB6 and DB7 is connected to a ring atom of ring A such that ring A and ring B in DB6 and DB7 are directly connected via a single bond;

means that the indicated bond may be a single bond or a non-cumulated, optionally delocalized, double bond; R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15″)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h2) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; R^(8b) and R^(9b) are independently selected and have the same meaning as R⁸, except that they may not be joined with any other substituent; one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and one of R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; a and b are independently selected from 0 and 1; the DB moiety does not comprise a DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′ moiety; ring B in DB1 is a heterocycle; if X³ in DB1 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring B; if X³ in DB2 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle fused to said ring B, an optionally substituted non-aromatic carbocycle fused to said ring B, or a substituted aromatic carbocycle which is fused to said ring B and to which at least one substituent is attached that contains a hydroxy group, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, the primary or secondary amine not being a ring atom in an aromatic ring system nor being part of an amide; if ring A in DB2 is a 6-membered aromatic ring, then substituents on ring B are not joined to form a ring fused to ring B; two vicinal substituents on ring A in DB8 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring A to form a bicyclic moiety to which no further rings are fused; ring A in DB9 together with any rings fused to said ring A contains at least two ring heteroatoms; and one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ may optionally in addition be substituted by or be a substituent of formula (V):

wherein each V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, V^(1′), Y′, Z′, p′, q′, and z′ has the same meaning as defined for V², L², L, V¹, Y, Z, p, q, and z, respectively, and is independently selected, the one or more substituents of formula (V) being independently connected via Y′ to one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, and/or to one or more atoms bearing these R substituents; each Z is independently connected to Y through either X¹, an atom in R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, or an atom bearing any of these R substituents; and at least V² or a V¹ is present.
 2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein DB is DB1.
 3. The compound according to claim 2, wherein DB is selected from the group consisting of


4. The compound according to claim 2, wherein DB is selected from the group consisting of


5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Z is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.
 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Z is

or an isomer of one of these, or a mixture of isomers.
 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X¹ is O and Y is connected to X¹ via an ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer being part of Y.
 8. The compound according to claim 7, wherein the ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer being part of Y is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R¹¹⁵ and R¹¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1),

wherein dd is selected from 0 to 10, dd′ is selected from 0 and 1, each R¹²³ is independently selected from H and methyl, ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, and wherein R¹¹⁷, R¹¹⁸, R¹¹⁹, R¹²⁰, R¹²¹, and R¹²² are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(z), SR^(z), S(O)R^(z), S(O)₂R^(z), S(O)OR^(Z), S(O)₂OR^(z), OS(O)R^(z), OS(O)₂R^(z), OS(O)OR^(z), OS(O)₂OR^(z), OR^(z), NHR^(z), N(R^(z))R^(z1), ⁺N(R^(z))(R^(z1))R^(z2), P(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), OP(O)(OR^(z))(OR^(z1)), C(O)R^(z), C(O)OR^(z), C(O)N(R^(z1))R^(z), OC(O)R^(z), OC(O)OR^(z), OC(O)N(R^(z))R^(z1), N(R^(z1))C(O)R^(z), N(R^(z1))C(O)OR^(z), and N(R^(z1))C(O)N(R^(z2))R^(z), wherein R^(z), R^(z1), and R^(z2) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₂₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl, or C₁₋₂₀ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl.
 9. The compound according to claim 8, wherein the ω-amino aminocarbonyl cyclization spacer being part of Y is


10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the spacer system Y is

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of


11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein V¹ contains a substrate that can be cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, a cathepsin, cathepsin B, β-glucuronidase, a galactosidase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), a member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases, or an enzyme localized by means of directed enzyme prodrug therapy, or wherein V¹ contains a moiety that can be cleaved or transformed through reduction under hypoxic conditions, through reduction by a nitroreductase, or through oxidation.
 12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the chain of atoms of L linking L² to V¹ consists of less than 19 atoms.
 13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein L is selected from the group consisting of


14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein L² is

15-17. (canceled)
 18. A compound of formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein RM is a reactive moiety, L is independently absent or a linking group linking RM to one or more V¹ and/or Y; each V¹ is independently absent or a conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transformable moiety, which can be cleaved or transformed by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process; each Y is independently absent or a self-eliminating spacer system which is comprised of 1 or more self-elimination spacers and is linked to V¹, optionally L, and one or more Z; p is a number representing a degree of branching and is a positive integer; z is a positive integer equal to or smaller than the total number of attachment sites for Z; each Z is independently a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein DB is a DNA-binding moiety and is selected from the group consisting of

R¹ is a leaving group; R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, ═C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R^(18′) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X² is selected from the group consisting of O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)) and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′); R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, H₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f), and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X³ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁵)R^(15′), —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—C(R^(15″))(R^(15′″))—, —N(R¹⁵)—N(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—N(R^(15″))—, —N(R^(15″))—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—O—, —O—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—S—, —S—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)═C(R^(15′))—, ═C(R¹⁵)—C(R^(15′))═, —N═C(R^(15′))—, ═N—C(R^(15′))═, —C(R¹⁵)═N—, ═C(R¹⁵)—N═, —N═N—, ═N—N═, CR¹⁵, N, and NR¹⁵, or in DB1 and DB2 —X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, wherein X^(3a) is connected to X³⁴, a double bond is present between X³⁴ and X⁴, and X^(3b) is connected to X¹¹, wherein X^(3a) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁶)R^(16′), NR¹⁶, N, and CR¹⁶; X⁵ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁷)R^(17′), NOR¹⁷, and NR¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ and R^(17′) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁶ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹¹, CR¹¹(R^(11′)), N, NR¹¹, O, and S; X⁷ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁸, CR⁸(R^(8′)), N, NR⁸, O, and S; X⁸ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁹, CR⁹(R^(9′)), N, NR⁹, O, and S; X⁹ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰, CR¹⁰(R¹⁰′), N, NR¹⁰, O, and S; X¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of CR²⁰, CR²⁰(R^(20′)), N, NR²⁰, O, and S; X¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²¹, and N, or X¹¹-X^(3b) is selected from the group consisting of CR²¹, CR²¹(R^(21′)), N, NR²¹, O, and S; X¹² is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²², and N; X⁶*, X⁷*, X⁸*, X⁹*, X¹⁰*, and X¹¹* have the same meaning as defined for X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, and X¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected; X³⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²³, and N; the ring B atom of X¹¹* in DB6 and DB7 is connected to a ring atom of ring A such that ring A and ring B in DB6 and DB7 are directly connected via a single bond;

means that the indicated bond may be a single bond or a non-cumulated, optionally delocalized, double bond; R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15″)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h2) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; R^(8b) and R^(9b) are independently selected and have the same meaning as R⁸, except that they may not be joined with any other substituent; one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and one of R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; a and b are independently selected from 0 and 1; the DB moiety does not comprise a DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′ moiety; ring B in DB1 is a heterocycle; if X³ in DB1 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring B; if X³ in DB2 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle fused to said ring B, an optionally substituted non-aromatic carbocycle fused to said ring B, or a substituted aromatic carbocycle which is fused to said ring B and to which at least one substituent is attached that contains a hydroxy group, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, the primary or secondary amine not being a ring atom in an aromatic ring system nor being part of an amide; if ring A in DB2 is a 6-membered aromatic ring, then substituents on ring B are not joined to form a ring fused to ring B; two vicinal substituents on ring A in DB8 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring A to form a bicyclic moiety to which no further rings are fused; ring A in DB9 together with any rings fused to said ring A contains at least two ring heteroatoms; and one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ may optionally in addition be substituted by or be a substituent of formula (V):

wherein each V^(2′) is absent or a functional moiety, each L^(2′) is independently absent or a linking group linking V^(2′) to L′, q′ is a number representing a degree of branching and is a positive integer, L′, V^(1′), Y′, Z′, p′, and z′ has the same meaning as defined for L, V¹, Y, Z, p, and z, respectively, and is independently selected, the one or more substituents of foimula (V) being independently connected via Y′ to one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, and/or to one or more atoms bearing these R substituents; each Z is independently connected to Y through either X¹, an atom in R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, or an atom bearing any of these R substituents, V¹, Y, and Z may contain protecting groups, and the one or more V^(2′)-L^(2′) moieties optionally present in Z as defined hereinabove may optionally and independently be RM′ instead, which is a reactive moiety, and wherein, if there is more than 1 reactive moiety in (IV), some or all reactive moieties are the same or different.
 19. The compound according to claim 18 wherein the reactive moiety RM is

wherein X³⁵ is selected from the group consisting of halide, hydroxy, OC(O)R^(dd), and OC(O)OR^(dd), or C(O)—X³⁵ is an active ester, X³⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halide, mesyloxy, triflyloxy, and tosyloxy, and R^(dd) is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C_(1-l0) heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₀ aryl, and C₁₋₁₀ heteroaryl.
 20. The compound according to claim 18, which is

or an isomer, or a mixture of isomers, wherein R^(5a) is selected from H, methyl and methoxy, AZ is

V¹ is selected from the group consisting of valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, CL is

and L is selected from the group consisting of


21. A compound of formula (I) or (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein DB is a DNA-binding moiety of formula:

R¹ is a leaving group; R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, ═C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R^(18′) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X² is selected from the group consisting of O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)), and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′); R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(f1) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f), and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X¹ is selected from O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i))R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, two or more of R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁵, and R¹⁶ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and R¹⁶ may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; and a and b are independently selected from 0 and
 1. 22-23. (canceled)
 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 25. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the step of mixing a compound according to claim 1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 26. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, wherein the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 24 to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.
 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 18 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 28. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, wherein the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 27 to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 30. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, wherein the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 29 to the mammal in a therapeutically effective dose.
 31. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, wherein the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein V² is antibody or an antibody fragment or a derivative thereof; each L² is independently absent or a linking group linking V² to L; each L is independently absent or a linking group linking L² to one or more V¹ and/or Y; each V¹ is independently absent or a conditionally-cleavable or conditionally-transformable moiety, which can be cleaved or transformed by a chemical, photochemical, physical, biological, or enzymatic process; each Y is independently absent or a self-eliminating spacer system which is comprised of 1 or more self-elimination spacers and is linked to V¹, optionally L, and one or more Z; each p and q are numbers representing a degree of branching and are each independently a positive integer; z is a positive integer equal to or smaller than the total number of attachment sites for Z; each Z is independently a compound of formula (I), (II), (I′), or (II′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein DB is a DNA-binding moiety and is selected from the group consisting of

R¹ is a leaving group; R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), R¹², and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(a), SR^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), S(O)OR^(a), S(O)₂OR^(a), OS(O)R^(a), OS(O)₂R^(a), OS(O)OR^(a), OS(O)₂OR^(a), OR^(a), NHR^(a), N(R^(a))R^(b), ⁺N(R^(a))(R^(b))R^(c), P(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), OP(O)(OR^(a))(OR^(b)), SiR^(a)R^(b)R^(c), C(O)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), C(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)OR^(a), OC(O)N(R^(a))R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)R^(b), N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(b), and N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(b))R^(c), wherein R^(a), R^(b), and R^(c) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₃ heteroalkyl, or R³+R^(3′) and/or R⁴+R^(4′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR¹⁸, ═C(R¹⁸)R^(18′), and ═NR¹⁸, R¹⁸ and R^(18′) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R², R^(2′), R³, R^(3′), R⁴, R^(4′), and R¹² optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X² is selected from the group consisting of O, C(R¹⁴)(R^(14′)), and NR^(14′), wherein R¹⁴ and R^(14′) have the same meaning as defined for R⁷ and are independently selected, or R^(14′) and R^(7′) are absent resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(7′) and R^(14′); R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, and R^(7′) are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(e), SR^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), S(O)OR^(e), S(O)₂OR^(e), OS(O)R^(e), OS(O)₂R^(e), OS(O)OR^(e), OS(O)₂OR^(e), OR^(e), NHR^(e), N(R^(e))R^(f), ⁺N(R^(e))(R^(f))R^(g), P(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), OP(O)(OR^(e))(OR^(f)), SiR^(e)R^(f)R^(g), C(O)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), C(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)OR^(e), OC(O)N(R^(e))R^(f), N(R^(c))C(O)R^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)OR^(f), N(R^(e))C(O)N(R^(f))R^(g), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heteroalkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, wherein ee is selected from 1 to 1000, X¹³ is selected from O, S, and NR^(f1), and R^(fl) and R^(e1) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₃ alkyl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(e), R^(f), and/or R^(g) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁵+R^(5′) and/or R⁶+R^(6′) and/or R⁷+R^(7′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(e3), ═C(R^(e3))R^(e4), and ═NR^(e3), R^(e3) and R^(e4) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, or R^(5′)+R^(6′) and/or R^(6′)+R^(7′) and/or R^(7′)+R^(14′) are absent, resulting in a double bond between the atoms designated to bear R^(5′) and R^(6′), and/or R^(6′) and R^(7′), and/or R^(7′) and R^(14′), respectively, two or more of R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, and R^(14′) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; X¹ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and NR¹³, wherein R¹³ is selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X³ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁵)R^(15′), —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—C(R^(15″))(R^(15′″))—, —N(R¹⁵)—N(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—N(R^(15″))—, —N(R^(15″))—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—O—, —O—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—S—, —S—C(R¹⁵)(R^(15′))—, —C(R¹⁵)═C(R^(15′))—, ═C(R¹⁵)—C(R^(15′))═, —N═C(R^(15′))—, ═N—C(R^(15′))═, —C(R¹⁵)═N—, ═C(R¹⁵)—N═, —N═N—, ═N—N═, CR¹⁵, N, and NR¹⁵, or in DB1 and DB2 —X³— represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)—, wherein X^(3a) is connected to X³⁴, a double bond is present between X³⁴ and X⁴, and X^(3b) is connected to X¹¹, wherein X^(3a) is independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁶)R^(16′), NR¹⁶, N, and CR¹⁶; X⁵ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(R¹⁷)R^(17′), NOR¹⁷, and NR¹⁷, wherein R¹⁷ and R^(17′) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl or C₁₋₈ heteroalkyl and not joined with any other substituent; X⁶ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹¹, CR¹¹(R^(11′)), N, NR¹¹, O, and S; X⁷ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁸, CR⁸(R^(8′)), N, NR⁸, O, and S; X⁸ is selected from the group consisting of CR⁹, CR⁹(R^(9′)), N, NR⁹, O, and S; X⁹ is selected from the group consisting of CR¹⁰, CR¹⁰(R^(10′)), N, NR¹⁰, O, and S; X¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of CR²⁰, CR²⁰(R^(20′)), N, NR²⁰, O, and S; X¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²¹, and N, or X¹¹-X^(3b) is selected from the group consisting of CR²¹, CR²¹(R^(21′)), N, NR²¹, O, and S; X¹² is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²², and N; X⁶*, X⁷*, X⁸*, X⁹*, X¹⁰*, and X¹¹* have the same meaning as defined for X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, X⁹, X¹⁰, and X¹¹, respectively, and are independently selected; X³⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C, CR²³, and N; the ring B atom of X¹¹* in DB6 and DB7 is connected to a ring atom of ring A such that ring A and ring B in DB6 and DB7 are directly connected via a single bond;

means that the indicated bond may be a single bond or a non-cumulated, optionally delocalized, double bond; R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, SH, NH₂, N₃, NO₂, NO, CF₃, CN, C(O)NH₂, C(O)H, C(O)OH, halogen, R^(h), SR^(h), S(O)R^(h), S(O)₂R^(h), S(O)OR^(h), S(O)₂OR^(h), OS(O)R^(h), OS(O)₂R^(h), OS(O)OR^(h), OS(O)₂OR^(h), OR^(h), NHR^(h), N(R^(h))R^(i), ⁺N(R^(h))(R^(i)V)R^(j), P(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), OP(O)(OR^(h))(OR^(i)), SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), C(O)R^(h), C(O)OR^(h), C(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), OC(O)R^(h), OC(O)OR^(h), OC(O)N(R^(h))R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)R^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)OR^(i), N(R^(h))C(O)N(R^(i))R^(j), and a water-soluble group, wherein R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) are independently selected from H and optionally substituted (CH₂CH₂O)_(ee)CH₂CH₂X¹³R^(e1), C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₁₋₁₅ hetero alkyl, C₃₋₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₁₅ aryl, or C₁₋₁₅ heteroaryl, one or more of the optional substituents in R^(h), R^(i), and/or R^(j) optionally being a water-soluble group, two or more of R^(h), R^(i), and R^(j) optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles, or R⁸+R^(8′) and/or R⁹+R^(9′) and/or R¹⁰+R^(10′) and/or R¹¹+R^(11′) and/or R¹⁵+R^(15′) and/or R^(15″)+R^(15′″) and/or R¹⁶+R^(16′) and/or R²⁰+R^(20′) and/or R²¹+R^(21′) are independently selected from ═O, ═S, ═NOR^(h1), ═C(R^(h1))R^(h2), and ═NR^(h1), R^(h1) and R^(h2) being independently selected from H and optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, two or more of R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ optionally being joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; R^(8b) and R^(9b) are independently selected and have the same meaning as R⁸, except that they may not be joined with any other substituent; one of R⁴ and R^(4′) and one of R¹⁶ and R^(16′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; one of R², R^(2′), R³, and R^(3′) and one of R⁵ and R^(5′) may optionally be joined by one or more bonds to form one or more optionally substituted carbocycles and/or heterocycles; a and b are independently selected from 0 and 1; the DB moiety does not comprise a DA1, DA2, DA1′, or DA2′ moiety; ring B in DB1 is a heterocycle; if X³ in DB1 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring B; if X³ in DB2 represents —X^(3a) and X^(3b)— and ring B is aromatic, then two vicinal substituents on said ring B are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocycle fused to said ring B, an optionally substituted non-aromatic carbocycle fused to said ring B, or a substituted aromatic carbocycle which is fused to said ring B and to which at least one substituent is attached that contains a hydroxy group, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, the primary or secondary amine not being a ring atom in an aromatic ring system nor being part of an amide; if ring A in DB2 is a 6-membered aromatic ring, then substituents on ring B are not joined to form a ring fused to ring B; two vicinal substituents on ring A in DB8 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle fused to said ring A to form a bicyclic moiety to which no further rings are fused; ring A in DB9 together with any rings fused to said ring A contains at least two ring heteroatoms; and one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², and R²³ may optionally in addition be substituted by or be a substituent of formula (V):

wherein each V^(2′), L^(2′), L′, V^(1′), Y′, Z′, q′, and z′ has the same meaning as defined for V², L², L, V¹, Y, Z, p, q, and z, respectively, and is independently selected, the one or more substituents of formula (V) being independently connected via Y′ to one or more of X¹, R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, and/or to one or more atoms bearing these R substituents; each Z is independently connected to Y through either X¹, an atom in R⁵, R^(5′), R⁶, R^(6′), R⁷, R^(7′), R¹⁴, R^(14′), R⁸, R^(8′), R⁹, R^(9′), R¹⁰, R^(10′), R¹¹, R^(11′), R¹⁵, R^(15′), R^(15″), R^(15′″), R¹⁶, R^(16′), R²⁰, R^(20′), R²¹, R^(21′), R²², R²³, or an atom bearing any of these R substituents; and at least V² or a V¹ is present.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the compound has the folumla

or an isomer, or a mixture of isomers, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl and methoxy, R⁶, R⁷, and R¹⁴ are H, DB is DB1, V¹ is selected from the group consisting of valylcitrulline, valyllysine, phenylalanyllysine, alanylphenylalanyllysine, and D-alanylphenylalanyllysine, f is 1 or 2, CL is selected from

L is selected from the group consisting of

q ranges from 1 to 4, and Ab is an antibody or a fragment or derivative thereof.
 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the V² moiety is selected from the group consisting of an anti-CD19 antibody, an anti-CD22 antibody, an anti-CD30 antibody, an anti-CD33 antibody, an anti-CD56 antibody, an anti-CD70 antibody, an anti-CD74 antibody, an anti-CD138 antibody, an anti-CLL-1 antibody, an anti-5T4 antibody, an anti-CD303 antibody, an anti-Tag 72 antibody, an anti-Lewis A like carbohydrate antibody, an anti-EphB3 antibody, an anti-HMW-MAA antibody, an anti-CD38 antibody, an anti-Cripto antibody, an anti-EphA2 antibody, an anti-GPNMB antibody, an anti-integrin antibody, an anti-MN antibody, an anti-Her2 antibody, and an anti-PSMA antibody, or an epitope-binding functional fragment or a derivative thereof.
 34. A method of treating or preventing a tumor in a mammal, wherein the method comprises the administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound having the formula

wherein R is (CH₂CH₂O)₂H, (CH₂)₃C(O)NH₂, (CH₂)₄C(NH₂)COOH, (CH₂)₃COOH, (CH₂)₃NHC(O)NH₂, or (CH₂CH₂O)₃H; q ranges from 1 to 4; and Ab is selected from trastuzumab or an epitope-binding functional fragment of trastuzumab, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 